Table 1.
The basic characteristics of study participants.
| Variables | Total | Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
p-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (<131.1) | Q2 (131.5–154.7) | Q3 (155.1–182.5) | Q4 (≥182.9) | |||
| N | 1036 | 256 | 256 | 260 | 264 | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, years | 54.1 ± 15.1 | 50.6 ± 16.2 | 52.4 ± 14.9 | 54.8 ± 14.8 | 58.4 ± 13.4 | <0.001 |
| Male, n(%) | 600 (57.9) | 177 (69.1) | 168 (65.6) | 138 (53.1) | 117 (44.3) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, n(%) | 150 (14.5) | 53 (20.7) | 43 (16.8) | 26 (10.0) | 28 (10.6) | 0.008 |
| Current alcohol drinking, n(%) | 38 (3.7) | 8 (3.1) | 8 (3.1) | 10 (3.8) | 12 (4.5) | 0.005 |
| Diabetes, n(%) | 277 (26.7) | 68 (26.6) | 56 (21.9) | 58 (22.3) | 95 (36.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 891 (86.0) | 219 (85.5) | 218 (85.2) | 225 (86.5) | 229 (86.7) | 0.945 |
| History of CVD, n(%) | 200 (19.3) | 54 (21.1) | 39 (15.2) | 47 (18.1) | 60 (22.7) | 0.140 |
| Lipid-lowering agent use, n(%) | 0.678 | |||||
| Statins | 61 (5.9) | 11 (4.3) | 15 (5.9) | 16 (6.2) | 19 (7.2) | |
| Fenofibrate | 4 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.8) | |
| Dialysis vintage, months† | 24.4 (12.4-50.5) | 21.6 (11.8-50.5) | 24.3 (13.4-45.5) | 29.6 (12.5-55.3) | 23.6 (11.3-49.4) | 0.200 |
| Physical examination | ||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.2 ± 3.4 | 20.8 ± 3.1 | 21.1 ± 3.4 | 21.0 ± 3.1 | 22.1 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
| WHR | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.89 ± 0.08 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.92 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Biochemistry | ||||||
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.81 ± 0.38 | 3.81 ± 0.38 | 3.83 ± 0.36 | 3.80 ± 0.42 | 3.79 ± 0.37 | 0.650 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 159.9 ± 43.4 | 111.3 ± 17.5 | 143.1 ± 6.7 | 167.3 ± 7.7 | 215.9 ± 35.2 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 164.4 ± 121.8 | 123.4 ± 80.0 | 140.2 ± 81.8 | 156.4 ± 92.8 | 235.7 ± 172.8 | <0.001 |
| Calcium, mg/dL | 8.7 ± 1.0 | 8.5 ± 1.0 | 8.6 ± 1.0 | 8.8 ± 1.1 | 8.9 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Phosphate, mg/dL | 6.6 ± 2.0 | 6.4 ± 2.0 | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 6.6 ± 2.0 | 6.8 ± 1.9 | 0.265 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 10.7 ± 2.1 | 10.5 ± 2.2 | 10.9 ± 2.0 | 10.6 ± 2.1 | 10.9 ± 2.0 | 0.045 |
| CRP, mg/L† | 2.7 (1.0-7.3) | 2.6 (0.9-7.0) | 2.2 (0.9-5.6) | 2.4 (0.8-8.0) | 3.6 (1.3-9.5) | 0.384 |
| Kt/V ratio† | 1.30 (1.10-1.50) | 1.2 (1.1-1.5) | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | 0.611 |
| Dietary parameters | ||||||
| DPI, g/kg/d | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.119 |
| DEI, kcal/kg/d | 29.1 ± 8.3 | 29.4 ± 8.5 | 28.9 ± 8.3 | 29.7 ± 8.6 | 28.4 ± 7.9 | 0.303 |
| Dietary cholesterol, mg/d | 244.4 ± 175.0 | 231.4 ± 142.7 | 227.7 ± 152.9 | 257.8 ± 161.6 | 260.1 ± 227.1 | 0.060 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD; †data are expressed as median with interquartile range (Q1–Q3).
Abbreviations: CVD: cardiovascular diseases; BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist: hip ratio; CRP: C-reactive protein; DPI: dietary protein intake; DEI: dietary energy intake.