Figure 7.

PDT is thought to induce a localized acute inflammatory response, activating the immune system, with neutrophils being the first immune cells recruited to the inflammation site, facilitated by TNF-α production. Subsequently, monocytes, macrophages, and mast cells accumulate, leading to the activation of T CD8+ cells, which eliminate damaged cells and tissues. PDT also influences neutrophil activation, with subsequent increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. PDT modulates the production of TGF-β, favoring collagen fiber deposition. Moreover, MMPs play a role in tissue remodeling by regulating collagen degradation and extracellular matrix remodeling. Created with BioRender.com.