. 2024 Apr 3;12(7):778. doi: 10.3390/healthcare12070778

Table 3.

Comparison of outcomes between the intervention (CDSMP) and control (usual care) groups using ANCOVA.

Outcome Measure	Group	Mean	S.E.	95% CI	F-Value
Self-Management Behaviors (range 19–76) ^$	Intervention	54.38	0.97	52.45–56.30	11.17 **
Self-Management Behaviors (range 19–76) ^$	Control	49.84	0.82	48.21–51.46	11.17 **
Self-Efficacy (range 6–60) ^$	Intervention	40.21	1.29	37.63–42.79	8.80 **
Self-Efficacy (range 6–60) ^$	Control	34.88	1.10	32.69–37.06	8.80 **
Health-related Outcomes
Cognitive Symptom Management (range 0–30) ^$	Intervention	17.22	0.76	15.71–18.74	26.50 ***
Cognitive Symptom Management (range 0–30) ^$	Control	12.27	0.64	10.99–13.55	26.50 ***
Illness Intrusiveness (range 13–91) ^$	Intervention	61.17	1.80	57.58–64.76	12.76 **
Illness Intrusiveness (range 13–91) ^$	Control	51.65	1.52	48.63–54.68	12.76 **
Pain Severity (range 5–38) ^§	Intervention	14.20	0.88	12.45–15.95	8.22 **
Pain Severity (range 5–38) ^§	Control	17.32	0.77	15.84–18.79	8.22 **
Depressive Symptom (range 0–24) ^§	Intervention	4.16	0.46	3.23–5.08	16.22 ***
Depressive Symptom (range 0–24) ^§	Control	7.35	0.39	6.57–8.12	16.22 ***

Analysis of covariance on the mean changes of scores at 6 months, controlling for baseline scores of outcome measures; The brackets indicate the range of score; ^$ A higher score is better; ^§ A lower score is better; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.