Table 4.
Paired sample t-test on outcome measures.
| Outcome Measures | Intervention | Control | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pretest Mean (SD) | Posttest Mean (SD) | t-Test | Pretest Mean (SD) | Posttest Mean (SD) | t-Test | |
| Self-Management Behaviors (range 19–76) $ | 47.65 (9.73) | 53.76 (8.03) | 3.91 *** | 50.25 (9.90) | 50.12 (8.85) | 0.35 |
| Self-Efficacy (range 6–60) $ | 34.72 (13.64) | 40.04 (12.95) | 1.98 * | 33.10 (11.75) | 33.95 (11.47) | 1.71 |
| Cognitive Symptom Management (range 0–30) $ | 13.60 (4.69) | 17.11 (5.60) | 4.10 *** | 12.26 (6.40) | 11.46 (6.52) | 0.48 |
| Illness Intrusiveness (range 13–91) $ | 57.25 (16.52) | 61.06 (17.27) | 2.28 * | 51.36 (15.67) | 49.83 (14.51) | 0.66 |
| Pain Severity (range 5–38) § | 20.04 (6.36) | 15.02 (3.46) | 4.52 *** | 17.08 (8.24) | 16.40 (8.57) | 0.65 |
| Depressive Symptom (range 0–24) § | 9.27 (2.98) | 5.06 (3.28) | 8.01 *** | 6.41 (5.77) | 6.53 (4.81) | 0.65 |
Note: Paired t-test analyses were performed to compare outcome scores within groups. The brackets indicate the range of score. SD: standard deviation; $ A higher score is better; § A lower score is better; * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001.