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. 2024 Apr 4;13(7):624. doi: 10.3390/cells13070624

Table 1.

The main signaling pathways required in different phases of wound healing.

Wound Healing Phase Cell Type Cytokines Signaling Pathways
INFLAMMATION NEUTROPHILES TNF-α
IL-1β
IL-6
VEGF
NF-kB
NF-kB
STAT3
ERK
M1 MACROPHAGES TNF-α
IL-1β
IL-6
IL-12
IL-23
NF-kB
NF-kB
STAT3
STAT4
STAT4
MAST CELL TNF-α
IL-6
VEGF
IL-8
NF-kB
STAT3
ERK
STAT3/ERK
TH1 LYMPHOCYTES INF-γ
IL-2
IL-12
STAT1
STAT3/ERK
STAT4
PROLIFERATION M2 MACROPHAGES IL-10
TGF-β
VEGF
IGF1
STAT3
SMAD
ERK
ERK
TH2 LYMPHOCYTES IL-4
IL-5
IL-13
STAT6
ERK/NF-kB
STAT6
REMODELING T-REG IL-10
TGF-β
STAT3
SMAD