Table 2.
Types and contents of volatile flavor compounds in Jiuqu raw materials.
| NO | Chemicals | CAS | Relative Content (μg/100 g) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PTMQ | XG100 | XG120 | XG200 | |||
| 1 | (Z)-4-heptenal | 6728-31-0 | 4.41 ± 0.45 b | 24.09 ± 0.63 a | 5.25 ± 0.4 b | 5.24 ± 0.76 b |
| 2 | (E)-2-pentenal | 1576-87-0 | 6.57 ± 0.31 b | 4.57 ± 0.54 c | 12.49 ± 1.09 a | 10.68 ± 0.2 a |
| 3 | (Z)-2-methylpent-2-enal | 123-15-9 | 1.78 ± 0.04 d | 52.36 ± 1.18 b | 98.09 ± 1.31 a | 42.16 ± 3.33 c |
| 4 | 2-methyl propanal | 78-84-2 | 6.22 ± 0.65 c | 6.40 ± 0.12 c | 16.05 ± 0.24 a | 9.27 ± 0.08 b |
| 5 | 3-methyl butanal | 590-86-3 | 30.31 ± 0.24 c | 54.64 ± 0.99 b | 82.77 ± 0.47 a | 47.09 ± 0.69 b |
| 6 | 3-methyl-2-butenal M | 107-86-8 | 9.39 ± 0.34 d | 17.15 ± 0.91 a | 12.18 ± 0.24 c | 14.95 ± 1.17 b |
| 7 | 3-methyl-2-butenal D | 107-86-8 | 3.94 ± 0.08 d | 13.05 ± 0.38 a | 9.35 ± 0.39 c | 11.81 ± 0.61 b |
| 8 | menzaldehyde | 100-52-7 | 22.50 ± 0.75 c | 52.97 ± 5.18 b | 50.71 ± 0.41 b | 68.59 ± 4.18 a |
| 9 | butyraldehyde | 123-72-8 | 19.64 ± 0.18 c | 9.57 ± 0.77 d | 29.73 ± 0.85 b | 45.34 ± 0.57 a |
| 10 | hexanal | 66-25-1 | 3.75 ± 0.42 b | 4.76 ± 0.45 b | 10.76 ± 0.52 a | 3.24 ± 0.38 b |
| 11 | pentanal | 110-62-3 | 6.69 ± 0.21 d | 36.72 ± 1.39 b | 57.47 ± 1.37 a | 26.01 ± 0.34 c |
| 12 | propanal | 123-38-6 | 26.83 ± 0.61 c | 39.67 ± 2.05 b | 50.35 ± 2.2 a | 36.93 ± 0.09 b |
| Total aldehydes | 142.02 ± 3.17 c | 315.95 ± 4.09 b | 435.20 ± 3.38 a | 321.31 ± 5.62 b | ||
| 13 | 1-hydroxy-2-propanone | 116-09-6 | 5.35 ± 0.65 b | 8.45 ± 0.29 b | 15.86 ± 1.83 a | 11.96 ± 1.61 a |
| 14 | 2,3-butanedione | 431-03-8 | 33.18 ± 0.56 a | 9.08 ± 0.92 c | 10.90 ± 0.93 b | 10.76 ± 0.17 b |
| 15 | 2-butanone M | 78-93-3 | 20.69 ± 0.45 b | 29.40 ± 1.62 a | 20.14 ± 0.47 b | 13.63 ± 0.58 c |
| 16 | 2-butanone D | 78-93-3 | 94.00 ± 0.24 d | 288.20 ± 6.91 a | 231.04 ± 0.97 b | 169.30 ± 2.02 c |
| 17 | 2-heptanone M | 110-43-0 | 70.98 ± 0.91 c | 68.00 ± 0.97 d | 97.14 ± 0.53 a | 91.32 ± 0.69 b |
| 18 | 2-heptanone D | 110-43-0 | 38.89 ± 1.88 c | 28.35 ± 0.29 d | 67.40 ± 1.13 b | 72.70 ± 3.28 a |
| 19 | 2-hexanone M | 591-78-6 | 15.54 ± 0.69 c | 21.15 ± 0.84 b | 27.36 ± 0.31 a | 26.73 ± 1.16 a |
| 20 | 2-hexanone D | 591-78-6 | 5.64 ± 0.78 d | 7.40 ± 0.38 c | 19.57 ± 0.37 a | 13.55 ± 0.68 b |
| 21 | 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one | 3188-00-9 | 32.99 ± 0.73 c | 31.67 ± 1.46 c | 89.84 ± 2.06 a | 62.00 ± 1.12 b |
| 22 | 2-octanone | 111-13-7 | 40.85 ± 6.55 d | 46.67 ± 4.51 c | 56.18 ± 5.6 b | 63.00 ± 10.46 a |
| 23 | 2-pentanone | 107-87-9 | 26.44 ± 0.78 c | 54.90 ± 0.44 a | 38.40 ± 0.75 b | 38.54 ± 1.48 b |
| 24 | 2-propanone | 67-64-1 | 334.45 ± 1.33 d | 585.79 ± 9.84 a | 563.37 ± 0.99 b | 479.24 ± 2.53 c |
| 25 | 3-hydroxy-2-butanone | 513-86-0 | 49.91 ± 0.74 c | 71.52 ± 1.96 a | 68.14 ± 2.08 a | 62.36 ± 2.64 b |
| 26 | 3-methyl-2-pentanone M | 565-61-7 | 13.92 ± 1.11 d | 39.26 ± 0.49 a | 37.35 ± 0.06 b | 30.10 ± 0.17 c |
| 27 | 3-methyl-2-pentanone D | 565-61-7 | 12.69 ± 0.78 d | 72.66 ± 1.61 c | 162.23 ± 1.65 a | 104.96 ± 0.73 b |
| 28 | 3-octanone | 106-68-3 | 6.94 ± 1.46 c | 38.90 ± 0.97 ab | 39.21 ± 0.05 a | 38.59 ± 1.3 b |
| 29 | 3-pentanone | 96-22-0 | 45.63 ± 2.79 d | 339.28 ± 2.59 b | 392.66 ± 3.51 a | 208.10 ± 1.86 c |
| 30 | 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one | 141-79-7 | 75.63 ± 4.43 d | 284.50 ± 4.68 b | 319.83 ± 2.83 a | 204.80 ± 4.94 c |
| 31 | 4-methyl-2-pentanone | 108-10-1 | 2.23 ± 0.52 d | 18.78 ± 0.19 b | 25.11 ± 1.13 a | 10.83 ± 0.67 c |
| Total ketones | 925.97 ± 7.15 d | 2043.96 ± 9.36 b | 2281.73 ± 15.7 a | 1712.47 ± 13.4 c | ||
| 32 | (E)-2-octen-1-ol | 18409-17-1 | 38.86 ± 11.47 d | 110.43 ± 20.85 c | 161.93 ± 11 b | 217.18 ± 5.71 a |
| 33 | 1-hexanol | 111-27-3 | 13.11 ± 1.3 a | 14.69 ± 0.31 a | 10.01 ± 0.56 b | 9.53 ± 0.41 b |
| 34 | 1-octen-3-ol | 3391-86-4 | 46.62 ± 11.18 c | 78.78 ± 2.13 b | 75.43 ± 5.97 b | 86.91 ± 6.44 a |
| 35 | 1-pentanol | 71-41-0 | 48.17 ± 1.78 a | 26.93 ± 1.5 c | 25.04 ± 1.07 c | 33.11 ± 1.49 b |
| 36 | 2,3-butanediol | 513-85-9 | 5.99 ± 0.06 c | 20.10 ± 5.96 c | 42.97 ± 5.73 b | 52.70 ± 8.68 a |
| 37 | 2-butanol | 78-92-2 | 17.10 ± 0.41 d | 45.24 ± 1.34 a | 26.01 ± 0.33 c | 31.14 ± 0.81 b |
| 38 | 2-methyl-1-propanol | 78-83-1 | 181.73 ± 5.54 d | 301.36 ± 2.58 b | 312.77 ± 1.05 a | 290.33 ± 2.63 c |
| 39 | 2-propanol | 67-63-0 | 35.17 ± 4.38 c | 59.84 ± 7.01 a | 36.19 ± 1.07 c | 52.01 ± 3.03 b |
| 40 | 3-heptanol | 589-82-2 | 86.92 ± 2.72 d | 113.73 ± 1.85 c | 126.54 ± 3.27 a | 118.87 ± 0.44 b |
| 41 | 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol | 763-32-6 | 11.66 ± 0.48 c | 27.87 ± 1.21 a | 26.61 ± 0.32 a | 23.11 ± 0.54 b |
| 42 | 3-methylbutan-1-ol | 123-51-3 | 387.63 ± 6.08 d | 638.83 ± 7.05 a | 600.15 ± 4.84 b | 568.83 ± 2.63 c |
| 43 | butanol | 71-36-3 | 19.33 ± 0.23 a | 13.01 ± 0.19 b | 9.58 ± 0.36 d | 11.11 ± 0.41 c |
| 44 | propanol | 71-23-8 | 85.39 ± 5.19 bc | 84.53 ± 0.63 c | 92.62 ± 0.22 a | 87.98 ± 1.29 b |
| Total alcohols | 977.67 ± 9.18 d | 1535.35 ± 15.3 c | 1545.83 ± 10.2 b | 1582.81 ± 9.1 a | ||
| 45 | 2-methylbutanoic acid ethyl ester | 7452-79-1 | 10.23 ± 0.61 c | 15.98 ± 0.46 b | 20.64 ± 0.28 a | 17.61 ± 0.55 b |
| 46 | 2-methylpropyl acetate | 110-19-0 | 2.92 ± 0.44 c | 3.54 ± 0.22 c | 12.80 ± 1.04 b | 19.46 ± 0.98 a |
| 47 | 3-methylbutyl2-methylbutanoate | 27625-35-0 | 3.67 ± 0.8 d | 6.55 ± 0.27 c | 28.60 ± 1.63 a | 13.23 ± 1.1 b |
| 48 | acetic acid ethyl ester | 141-78-6 | 52.82 ± 5.09 c | 15.64 ± 1.52 d | 55.79 ± 2.37 b | 100.43 ± 1.21 a |
| 49 | ethyl (E)-2-butenoate | 623-70-1 | 52.60 ± 1.28 a | 50.69 ± 1.77 b | 40.29 ± 1.22 d | 44.96 ± 1.94 c |
| 50 | ethyl (E)-2-hexenoate | 27829-72-7 | 61.61 ± 1.12 b | 73.40 ± 0.81 a | 55.83 ± 2.59 c | 51.27 ± 1.97 d |
| 51 | ethyl 3-methylbutanoate | 108-64-5 | 74.55 ± 1.19 b | 49.77 ± 0.82 d | 70.96 ± 1.92 c | 95.47 ± 1.94 a |
| 52 | ethyl formate | 109-94-4 | 37.15 ± 1.01 b | 35.56 ± 2.25 c | 40.28 ± 1.05 a | 29.11 ± 0.48 d |
| 53 | ethyl propanoate | 105-37-3 | 265.87 ± 4.36 b | 208.02 ± 5.67 d | 215.30 ± 1.12 c | 294.24 ± 6.31 a |
| 54 | hexyl acetate | 142-92-7 | 17.52 ± 1.11 c | 33.92 ± 1.85 ab | 31.57 ± 0.43 b | 35.89 ± 1.01 a |
| 55 | isovaleric acid, methyl ester | 556-24-1 | 14.62 ± 1.11 b | 18.42 ± 1.05 a | 13.32 ± 0.25 bc | 12.68 ± 0.62 c |
| 56 | methyl 2-furoate | 611-13-2 | 62.30 ± 10.84 d | 238.42 ± 20.01 c | 270.80 ± 10.71 b | 280.35 ± 19.47 a |
| 57 | methyl 2-methylbutanoate | 868-57-5 | 2.47 ± 0.59 d | 5.24 ± 0.63 c | 27.55 ± 0.61 a | 22.66 ± 0.46 b |
| 58 | methyl acetate | 79-20-9 | 10.65 ± 1.71 c | 18.21 ± 0.52 b | 42.98 ± 0.64 a | 20.23 ± 0.35 b |
| 59 | propanoic acid propyl ester | 106-36-5 | 2.29 ± 0.56 d | 13.57 ± 0.52 b | 15.06 ± 0.42 a | 8.75 ± 0.07 c |
| 60 | propyl butanoate | 105-66-8 | 23.47 ± 1.13 c | 27.26 ± 1.13 b | 38.13 ± 1.16 a | 23.95 ± 0.67 c |
| 61 | (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate | 16491-36-4 | 292.30 ± 5.91 d | 355.85 ± 25.9 b | 364.14 ± 11.23 a | 346.53 ± 17.28 c |
| 62 | gamma-butyrolactone | 96-48-0 | 48.18 ± 2.31 d | 67.71 ± 1.39 c | 69.98 ± 2.55 b | 76.03 ± 8.75 a |
| 63 | 1-butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate | 123-92-2 | 7.41 ± 0.6 c | 5.89 ± 0.53 d | 19.44 ± 1.24 b | 28.95 ± 1.07 a |
| Total esters | 1042.64 ± 20.89 d | 1243.64 ± 17.37 c | 1433.47 ± 15.63 b | 1521.80 ± 17.11 a | ||
| 64 | alpha-phellandrene | 99-83-2 | 48.59 ± 1.1 d | 77.83 ± 2.48 a | 72.10 ± 2.43 b | 65.57 ± 2.17 c |
| 65 | alpha-pinene | 80-56-8 | 9.44 ± 0.14 b | 5.25 ± 0.75 c | 9.98 ± 0.94 b | 12.94 ± 1.5 a |
| 66 | beta-pinene | 127-91-3 | 7.38 ± 0.91 d | 45.08 ± 3.28 b | 54.84 ± 0.45 a | 35.31 ± 1.35 c |
| 67 | delta 3-carene | 13466-78-9 | 32.42 ± 2.01 d | 53.59 ± 3.86 a | 42.29 ± 3.28 b | 36.72 ± 1.7 c |
| Total olefins | 97.83 ± 2.09 c | 181.75 ± 4.18 a | 179.21 ± 3.47 a | 150.54 ± 2.93 b | ||
| 68 | acetic acid | 64-19-7 | 274.89 ± 16.72 d | 411.87 ± 11.25 c | 439.26 ± 19.33 a | 425.32 ± 5.99 b |
| Total acids | 274.89 ± 16.72 d | 411.87 ± 11.25 c | 439.26 ± 19.33 a | 425.32 ± 5.99 b | ||
| 69 | diethyl disulfide | 110-81-6 | 3.85 ± 1.11 c | 3.79 ± 0.22 c | 18.86 ± 0.54 a | 13.88 ± 0.96 b |
| 70 | dimethyl disulfide | 624-92-0 | 28.51 ± 1.41 d | 48.15 ± 1.03 a | 36.84 ± 0.66 b | 31.14 ± 0.19 c |
| 71 | anisole | 100-66-3 | 51.23 ± 1.68 d | 60.69 ± 1.11 c | 75.68 ± 3.2 a | 64.16 ± 2.61 b |
| Total ethers | 83.60 ± 2.98 d | 112.62 ± 2.14 b | 131.38 ± 2.78 a | 109.18 ± 1.89 c | ||
| 72 | 2-butylfuran | 4466-24-4 | 116.27 ± 4.48 b | 131.26 ± 4.87 a | 97.74 ± 2.64 d | 100.65 ± 0.57 c |
| 73 | 2-ethyl furan | 3208-16-0 | 57.28 ± 1.41 d | 96.12 ± 1.45 b | 127.77 ± 1.05 a | 71.17 ± 0.65 c |
| 74 | 2-pentylfuran | 3777-69-3 | 98.73 ± 1.13 d | 153.99 ± 1.03 a | 115.32 ± 1.84 b | 110.86 ± 2.27 c |
| 75 | tetrahydrofuran | 109-99-9 | 9.24 ± 1.11 d | 17.73 ± 0.22 c | 30.35 ± 0.66 a | 20.58 ± 0.19 b |
| Total furans | 281.52 ± 4.71 d | 399.10 ± 4.39 a | 371.18 ± 3.15 b | 303.26 ± 2.93 c | ||
| 76 | (2,6)-dimethylpyrazine | 108-50-9 | 41.19 ± 2.54 d | 58.54 ± 3.01 c | 68.13 ± 1.68 a | 65.88 ± 3.39 b |
| 77 | pyridine | 110-86-1 | 163.30 ± 3.42 d | 197.62 ± 5.78 a | 191.38 ± 3.6 b | 169.08 ± 3.81 c |
| 78 | triethylamine | 121-44-8 | 19.05 ± 2.25 b | 17.03 ± 1.8 c | 31.34 ± 1.33 a | 21.25 ± 0.68 b |
| 79 | 1,3-thiazole | 288-47-1 | 100.92 ± 1.99 a | 86.88 ± 3.41 d | 88.87 ± 1.79 c | 91.54 ± 2.45 b |
| Other components | 324.46 ± 4.98 d | 360.08 ± 6.13 b | 379.71 ± 5.26 a | 347.75 ± 6.11 c | ||
| Total volatile substances | 4150.60 ± 63.98 d | 6604.31 ± 72.45 b | 7196.97 ± 79.81 a | 6474.43 ± 75.46 c | ||
Notes: volatile flavor substance suffixes D and M denote dimers and monomers, respectively. Different letters in the same row denote significant differences (p < 0.05).