Table 1.

Sensitivity and specificity of the major serum biomarker for sarcoidosis, according to the most recent literature.

Biomarker	Short Definition	Origin	Cut off Value	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Reference
Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (sACE)	A matrix metallopeptidase responsible for angiotensin II (Ang II) formation.	Lung tissue	21.4 U/L	41.1–61.5	92.5–100	[57,58,89]
Serum Amyloid-A (SAA)	Pathogenetic role in granulomatous inflammation.	CD68-positive macrophages and giant cells within granulomas	Positive	84	44	[101]
Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6)	Mucin-1 glycoprotein	Type II pneumocytes	Below 803.5 IU/mL	72.2	86.4	[49]
Chitotriosidase (CTO)	Enzyme with role as chitinase	Pulmonary neutrophils and macrophages	>90.86 nmol/mL/h	96.8	85.5	[76]
Carbohydrate antigen (CA) 125	High-molecular-weight transmembrane glycoprotein	Inflamed tissue	32.33 U/mL	96.3	90.2	[80]
Galectins (Gal)	Proteins that bind to β-galactosides inducing apoptosis in activated leukocytes	Monocytes, macrophages, endothelial and epithelial cells	17.96 ng/mL	88.9	85.7	[102]
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)	Neuron-specific glycolytic isozyme of enolase	Neurons and neuroendocrine cells, platelets, lymphocytes, and macrophages	12.0 ng/mL	50.9	74.2	[89]
Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinass -7 (MMP-7)	Zinc dependent endoprotease	Lung epithelium, macrophages	3.7 ng/mL	80	70	[93]
CC-Chemokine ligand 18 (CCL-18)	Stimulation of lung fibroblast to produce collagen	Alveolar macrophage	52.3 ng/mL	63.3	64.7	[93]
Periostin	Extracellular matrix protein	Several tissue	72.5 ng/mL	73.3	70	[93]
CD14	Recognizing lipopolysaccharide by Toll-like receptor	Monocyte antigen	NA	NA	NA	[99]
Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP)	Recognizing lipopolysaccharide by Toll-like receptor	Monoclear cells in lung and lymph note	NA	NA	NA	[99]
IL2R	Interleukin 2 receptor	Activated LyT cells and macrophages	482 U/L	84.2	53.2	[89]