Table 1.

Biomarkers that have reached a level of maturity that sufficiently supports clinical use.

Intended Use	Biomarker	Findings	References
(1) Early diagnosis	CKD273	Enables detection of CKD at early stage, superior to albuminuria or eGFR	[46,49,50,52,88]
(2) Assessment of fibrosis	FPP_29BH	Detection of fibrosis	[87]
	C3M	Association with fibrosis	[78]
	HE4	Increased in fibrosis	[66,67]
	LOX	Increased in fibrosis	[71]
	DKK3	Increased in fibrosis	[36]
(3) Prognosis of progression	KIM-1	Increased in progressive CKD	[23,24,34,35]
	NGAL	Increased in progressive CKD	[26,34]
	TNFR1	Increased in progressive CKD	[24,26,35,89,90]
	TNFR2	Increased in progressive CKD	[23,24,35,89,90]
	EGF	Reduced levels indicate progression	[34,35,91]
	MCP-1	Increased in progressive CKD	[35]
	DKK3	Increased in progressive CKD	[39,40]
	CKD273	Increased in progressive CKD	[46,47,52,88,92]
(4) Prediction of drug response	DKDp189	Prediction of response to anti-hypertensive treatment	[55]

Abbreviations: AUC: area under the curve; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DKK3: Dickkopf-related protein 3; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; EGF: epidermal growth factor; HE4: human epididymis protein-4; KIM-1: Kidney Injury Molecule-1; LOX: lysosyl oxidase; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; TNFR: tumor necrosis factor receptor.