Table 3.
Effects and mechanisms of peptides related to skin aging.
| Source | Substance | Dosage | Method of Administration | Experimental Material | Role | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cosmetics | AIMP1-derived peptide (AdP) | Oral, external use | Elderly mouse models and mouse models with epidermal-specific Pgc-1α gene knockout (epiPgc-1α KO) | Skin elasticity and moisture ↑ | Human fibroblast type I collagen synthesis ↑ | [47] | |
| Extracellular matrix | GEKG | In vitro study, external use | In vitro model: human dermal fibroblast; in vivo model: human body |
Smooths skin texture; reduces rough skin; skin appearance and feel ↑ |
Collagen production ↑ | [48] | |
| Bird seed | Canary seed peptides (CSPs) | 6.2 mg/mL, 6.1 mg/mL | Computer simulation | Characterization in silicon, molecular dynamics simulation | Regulation of collagen metabolism | Elastase and tyrosinase ↓; skin collagen degradation ↓; |
[49] |
| Chia seed | Chia seed peptide | 2.5 mL/kg/day and 5 mL/kg/day (animal); 50 g/day (human) | Oral | Human body, animal | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | collagenase ↓; hyaluronidase ↓; collagen and elastin breakdown ↓ |
[50] |
| Fish scale | CPNS | 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL | In vitro study, oral | Human skin cells | Skin structure stability and elasticity ↑; | MMP-1 ↓; collagen synthesis ↑ |
[51] |
| Feather | LMW feather keratin hydrolysate | 1000 mg/day | Oral | Human | protects the skin from both internal factors (natural aging processes, genetic factors, changes in hormone levels, and the production of free radicals in the body) and external factors (ultraviolet (UV) radiation, pollution, chemical exposure, and changes in temperature and humidity) | MMP-1 ↓; collagen synthesis ↑; antioxidant capacity ↑; inflammatory mediators ↓ |
[52] |
| Endogenous decapeptide | NEP | 5 μg/mL | In vitro study | Human dermal fibroblast cell line Hs68 | Skin appearance and feel ↑ | Activation of autophagy through the mTOR-Beclin-1-mediated signaling pathway; collagen content ↑; MMPs activity ↓ |
[54] |
| Crocodile leukocyte | Crocodile white blood cell extract | 6.25–400 μg/mL | In vitro study, external use | Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation of melanocytes | Melanin formation ↓ | UVB-induced melanosis ↓ | [55] |
| Endogenous peptide | T14 | In vitro study | Human keratinocytes | Cell growth and renewal ↑ | Allosteric sites that bind alpha-7 receptors influence calcium inflow | [58] | |
| Human serum | GHK-Cu | 10 mg/mL, 0.05% topical cream | Injection for topical use | Human | Skin remodeling and regeneration ↑; synthesis of collagen and elastin ↑; antioxidant capacity ↑ |
Smad and MAPK ↑; NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK pathways ↓; TNF-α and IL-6 ↓; regulates the expression of MMPs and TIMPs |
[59,60,61] |
↑, increase; ↓, decrease.