Table 2.

Healthcare utilization trend among the total cohort (N = 160).

Outcome	12-Month PRE-Implant Median/Mean +/− Std (95% CI)	12-Month POST-Implant Median/Mean +/− Std (95% CI)	Change	p-Value
Opioid use measured by MME	42/51.0 +/− 41.6 (42.80–59.32)	20/26.5 +/− 32.1 (20.14–32.90)	−24.5	<0.0001 *
ED visits	0/0.12 +/− 0.4 (0.05–0.18)	0/0.03 +/− 0.2 (0.00–0.06)	−0.09	0.01 *
Outpatient visits (interventional pain procedures)	1/1.39 +/− 1.8 (1.10–1.67)	0/0.28 +/− 0.6 (0.19–0.36)	−1.11	<0.0001 *

(*) Denotes statistically significant value; (−) denotes reduction in mean values. Caption: MME (morphine milligram equivalent); ED (emergency department).