Schematic representation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, along with the impact of insulin and endogenous incretin hormones on the triangle interaction between liver, pancreas, and intestine, key tissues influencing metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). DAG, diacylglycerol; DNL, de novo lipogenesis; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-1RA, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; LD, lipid droplet NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; TAG, triacylglycerol; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein.