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. 2024 Mar 28;25(7):3763. doi: 10.3390/ijms25073763

Table 2.

Renal diseases with CD-14-positive monocytes and CD-68- and CD-163-positive macrophages reported in human studies in correlation with renal outcome on follow-up [4,5,6,7,8,9].

Number Name of the Disease Entity CD-68-Positive
Macrophage Density in Renal Cortex		 CD-163-Positive
Macrophage Density in Both Renal Cortex and Medulla		 CD-14-Positive
Monocyte Density in
Renal Cortex
1 Small vessel vasculitis [4]

  1. Higher density of CD-68 in cortex and CD-163-positive macrophages in both cortex and medulla compared to healthy controls.

  2. High density of cortical CD-68-positive macrophage predicts shorter renal survival in all diseases collectively as well as in each disease independently.

  1. No difference between cases and controls

  2. No correlation with renal function
2 IgA Nephropathy [4,5,6]
3 Hypertension [4]
4 Membranous glomerulonephritis [4]
5 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis [4]
6 Thrombotic micro-angiopathy [4]
7 Minimal change disease [4]
8 Tubulo-interstitial nephritis [4]
9 Diabetic nephropathy [4]
10 Systemic lupus erythematosus [4,7,8,9]
11 Urinary tract infection [4]
12 Amyloidosis [4]
13 Post-infectious glomerulonephritis [4,9]
14 Thin basement membrane disease—Alport disease [4]
15 Other diseases * [4]

* Other diseases [4]—C1q/Mesangio-proliferative GN, C3GN, para-infectious mesangio-proliferative GN, light chain nephropathy, nicotine induced nodular glomerulosclerosis, lupus like nephritis, feto-fetal-transfusion syndrome, associated multi-organ failure, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, tubular dysgenesis. Note: CD-68, CD-163 and CD-14 have been studied extensively in animal models and are now validated for diagnostic and prognostic biomarker application in human biopsies as well as for research. CD-68 and CD-163 have cytoplasmic expression while CD-14 has a nuclear expression. Recent evidence highlights the presence of CD-14 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma cells in addition to the monocyte lineage. Higher CD-14 expression in the peri-tumoral immune infiltrate is associated with poorer prognosis. Several studies have documented high density of CD-68-positive macrophages in tubulo-interstitial region in correlation with poor long term renal survival in IgA nephropathy and SLE nephritis [4,5,6,7,8,9].