Table 2.

Differences and similarities in the diagnosis and management of sleep-related obstructive respiratory disorders in young children (0–23 months) and older patients (2–18 years).

Diagnosis	Patients 0–23 Months	Patients 2–18 Years
Symptoms of upper airway obstruction present in both wakefulness and sleep	Yes	No
Adenotonsillar hypertrophy and obesity as a cause of sleep-related obstructive respiratory disorders	Yes, but uncommon	Yes
Syndromes, congenital anomalies as a cause of sleep-related obstructive respiratory disorders	Yes	Yes
Feeding difficulties and poor growth can coexist with OSA	Yes	No
Pulmonary hypertension can complicate OSA	Yes	Yes
Polysomnography as the gold standard for OSA	Yes	Yes
Endoscopy useful for assessing upper airway collapse	Yes	No
Management	Yes	Yes
Adenotonsillectomy is the most useful treatment	Yes	Yes
Non-invasive ventilation is often used as a first treatment for dynamic airway collapse	Yes	No
Effective orthodontic appliances in cases of OSA with retrognathia and malocclusion	No	Yes
Patients with complex conditions to be treated as a priority	Yes	Yes
Follow-up after surgery should detect persistent OSA	Yes	Yes
Patients on non-invasive ventilation undergo annual nocturnal saturation monitoring	Yes	Yes