Figure 1.

Visualization of cumulative HOA induction for each surgical procedure. The colored bars differentiate the surgical procedures: LASIK is in red, PRK is in gray, and SMILE is in black. Each aberration type has its own column, showcasing pre-operative values on the left and post-operative values on the right for each procedure. Error bars signify the standard error of the measurements. PRK = photorefractive keratectomy, LASIK = laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, SMILE = small incision lenticule extraction, HOAs = higher-order aberrations. Statistical significance is indicated by an asterisk (*) above the bars, with p < 0.05.