Table 1.
Studies of long-term PPI use and cancer risk.
| Population | Analysis | Comparison | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A total of 5589 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer, receiving >30 pills of PPIs | Conditional logistic regression adjusted for multiple covariates | A total of 55,890 healthy controls, receiving >30 pills of PPIs | Long-term PPI use is not associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer | Sørensen and coworkers [32] |
| A total of 3,288,092 patients receiving PPIs for more than a year | Time-dependent Cox regression with all covariates | A total of 2,887,030 controls who had never used PPIs | Long-term PPI use is associated with a 25% increased risk of death | Al-Aly and coworkers [33] |
| A total of 3271 patients, after H. pylori infection, receiving PPIs weekly for at least one year | Cox proportional hazards model with propensity score adjustment | A total of 60,126 patients, after H. pylori infection, not receiving PPIs | Long term PPI use is associated with a 2-fold increased risk of gastric cancer | Leung and coworkers [13] |
| A total of 233,173 women diagnosed with cancer receiving PPIs for more than 60 days | Conditional logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders | A total of 932,692 healthy women not receiving PPIs for more than 60 days | Long-term PPI use is associated with a reduced risk of breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer | Yang and coworkers [16] |
| Data from 2396 records, including 5 retrospective cohort and 8 case-control studies | Meta-analysis of systematic search in Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library | PPI use and gastric cancer development | Long-term PPI use for 1 and 3 years is associated with a 1.5 and 2.4-fold increase in the risk of gastric cancer, respectively | Misslewitz and coworkers [34] |
| Data from 12 observational studies | Meta-analysis of search in PUBMED, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register | PPI use and development of fundic gland polyps and gastric cancer | Long-term PPI use (>1 year) is associated with a 2.98 and 1.41-fold increased risk of fundic gland polyps and gastric cancer, respectively | Stehouwer and coworkers [14] |
| Data from 10 observational studies | Meta-analysis of search in PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane library, and Google scholar | PPI use and development of pancreatic cancer | Long-term PPI use is not significantly associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer | Jung and coworkers [35] |