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. 2024 Mar 27;29(7):1487. doi: 10.3390/molecules29071487

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Apoptosis pathways of phytochemicals in anti-OA (Abbreviations: ERK1/2, extracellular regulated kinase1/2; Sox9, recombinant sex-determining region Y box protein 9; ROCK1, rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1; E2F1, E2F transcription factor 1; PITX1, pituitary homeobox 1; HIF-2α, hypoxia-inducible factors-2alpha; TLR9, Toll-Like Receptor 9; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; Akt, protein kinase B; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; Sirt1, Sirtuin 1; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; IRAK1, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase; NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; COX2, cyclooxygenase-2; TDP-43, TAR DNA binding protein 43; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases; Nrf2, NF-E2-related factor 2; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1).