Table 1.
Pregnant and lactating women demographics associated with beef consumption, NHANES 2011–2018.
| Total Population | Beef | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Consumers | Consumers | p Value | ||
| Sample n | 319 | 100 | 219 | |
| Population N | 4,234,347 | 1,378,135 | 2,856,212 | |
| Age (mean) | 29.7 ± 0.6 | 31.0 ± 0.9 | 29.0 ± 0.7 | 0.0442 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic (%) | 21.3 ± 3.3 | 22.2 ± 6.5 | 20.8 ± 4.6 | 0.8769 |
| Non-Hispanic White (%) | 53.3 ± 5.7 | 52.0 ± 8.9 | 54.0 ± 6.6 | 0.8419 |
| Non-Hispanic Black (%) | 15.5 ± 2.9 | 12.1 ± 3.3 | 17.1 ± 3.3 | 0.1549 |
| Non-Hispanic Asian (%) | 6.77 ± 1.40 | 11.0 ± 3.4 | 4.73 ± 1.23 | 0.0843 |
| Other (%) | 3.12 ± 0.92 | 2.66 ± 1.75 | 3.35 ± 0.99 | 0.7248 |
| Poverty Income Ratio | ||||
| <1.35 (%) | 33.3 ± 3.2 | 30.8 ± 4.9 | 34.5 ± 4.4 | 0.6009 |
| 1.35 ≤ 1.85 (%) | 6.92 ± 1.75 | 4.72 ± 2.12 | 7.98 ± 2.13 | 0.2144 |
| >1.85 (%) | 59.8 ± 3.1 | 64.4 ± 5.0 | 57.5 ± 4.2 | 0.3243 |
| Education | ||||
| ≤High school degree (%) | 29.8 ± 4.0 | 20.5 ± 5.7 | 34.3 ± 4.9 | 0.0729 |
| Some post high school education (%) | 30.0 ± 3.1 | 27.3 ± 5.2 | 31.4 ± 3.8 | 0.5259 |
| ≥Bachelor’s degree(%) | 40.2 ± 3.8 | 52.2 ± 5.8 | 34.3 ± 4.6 | 0.0218 |
| Physical Activity | ||||
| Sedentary (%) | 18.9 ± 2.9 | 20.3 ± 4.5 | 18.3 ± 3.3 | 0.6819 |
| Moderate (%) | 47.3 ± 3.1 | 33.8 ± 5.1 | 53.9 ± 3.6 | 0.0013 |
| Vigorous (%) | 33.7 ± 3.0 | 45.9 ± 5.7 | 27.9 ± 3.1 | 0.0056 |
| Smoking Never (%) | 76.4 ± 3.3 | 88.3 ± 4.2 | 70.7 ± 3.8 | 0.0015 |
| Smoking Current (%) | 6.81 ± 2.05 | 3.05 ± 1.70 | 8.62 ± 2.72 | 0.0691 |
Consumer status based on two days 24-h dietary recall data from NHANES 2011–2018. Data is presented as Mean ± Standard Error.