Table 3.
Usual intakes of nutrients and percentage of the population meeting nutrient recommendations among pregnant and lactating women non-consumers and consumers of beef.
| Usual Intakes | % Meeting Recommendations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beef Non-Consumers | Beef Consumers | p Value | Beef Non-Consumers | Beef Consumers | p Value | |
| Energy (kcal) | 1949 ± 99 | 2284 ± 71 | 0.0059 | |||
| EAR Nutrients | % below EAR | |||||
| Protein (g) | 72.6 ± 3.3 | 87.6 ± 2.9 | 0.0006 | 20.4 ± 5.9 | <1.00 | 0.0007 |
| Calcium (mg) | 996 ± 49 | 1170 ± 44 | 0.0087 | 31.8 ± 5.3 | 3.71 ± 5.39 | 0.0002 |
| Copper (mg) | 1.32 ± 0.12 | 1.40 ± 0.07 | 0.5571 | 17.0 ± 7.3 | 8.64 ± 3.09 | 0.2878 |
| Iron (mg) | 14.5 ± 1.2 | 17.6 ± 0.8 | 0.0294 | 13.3 ± 2.9 | 4.16 ± 1.51 | 0.0046 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 313 ± 19 | 322 ± 13 | 0.7113 | 36.7 ± 9.8 | 32.5 ± 5.2 | 0.7000 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1346 ± 56 | 1491 ± 45 | 0.0443 | <1.00 | <1.00 | 0.3835 |
| Selenium (µg) | 104 ± 5 | 124 ± 6 | 0.0052 | 2.67 ± 1.94 | <1.00 | 0.1694 |
| Zinc (mg) | 9.13 ± 0.40 | 12.9 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 | 64.6 ± 5.6 | 5.29 ± 6.63 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin A, RAE (µg) | 720 ± 45 | 686 ± 44 | 0.5933 | 54.4 ± 4.6 | 45.7 ± 7.7 | 0.3337 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.54 ± 0.06 | 1.93 ± 0.10 | 0.0005 | 23.4 ± 7.0 | <1.00 | 0.0011 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.95 ± 0.10 | 2.26 ± 0.09 | 0.0185 | 15.7 ± 4.4 | 1.43 ± 1.21 | 0.0015 |
| Niacin (mg) | 22.7 ± 1.6 | 28.4 ± 1.2 | 0.0054 | 9.49 ± 2.67 | <1.00 | 0.0005 |
| Folate, DFE (µg) | 583 ± 65 | 681 ± 45 | 0.2147 | 41.2 ± 10.1 | 25.1 ± 5.9 | 0.1656 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.00 ± 0.14 | 2.28 ± 0.13 | 0.1521 | 35.5 ± 6.3 | 15.9 ± 6.2 | 0.0261 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg) | 4.27 ± 0.59 | 5.56 ± 0.33 | 0.0564 | 21.6 ± 6.0 | <1.00 | 0.0003 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 94.9 ± 7.7 | 88.6 ± 7.2 | 0.5495 | 51.6 ± 4.6 | 52.7 ± 5.4 | 0.8793 |
| Vitamin D (µg) | 6.29 ± 1.13 | 4.77 ± 0.33 | 0.1970 | 82.8 ± 7.1 | 99.1 ± 1.1 | 0.0235 |
| Vitamin E, ATE (mg) | 10.3 ± 1.2 | 9.98 ± 0.62 | 0.7960 | 80.8 ± 7.4 | 82.1 ± 5.8 | 0.8913 |
| AI Nutrients | % Above AI | |||||
| Potassium (mg) | 2473 ± 114 | 2701 ± 92 | 0.1203 | 29.4 ± 5.0 | 37.8 ± 5.9 | 0.2796 |
| Sodium (mg) | 3111 ± 134 | 3985 ± 180 | 0.0001 | 99.7 ± 0.5 | >99.9 | 0.5247 |
| Choline (mg) | 296 ± 17 | 322 ± 13 | 0.2176 | 7.72 ± 2.31 | 1.90 ± 2.04 | 0.0592 |
Consumer status based on two days 24-h dietary recall data from NHANES 2011–2018. Data is presented as Mean ± Standard Error. AI: adequate intake; ATE: alpha tocopherol equivalents; EAR: estimated average intake; DFE: dietary folate equivalents; RAE: retinol activity equivalents.