Table 4.
Percentage of the population meeting nutrient recommendations among pregnant and lactating women non-consumers and consumers of different beef types.
| Fresh Beef | Ground Beef | Processed Beef | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Consumers (n = 129) |
Consumers (n = 190) |
Non-Consumers (n = 185) |
Consumers (n = 134) |
Non-Consumers (n = 243) |
Consumers (n = 76) |
|
| % below Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) | ||||||
| Protein | 10.9 ± 5.9 | 0.82 ± 2.69 | 9.93 ± 4.77 | <1.00 # | 11.0 ± 3.0 | <1.00 * |
| Calcium | 28.2 ± 6.7 | 2.79 ± 5.17 * | 27.2 ± 4.5 | <1.00 * | 19.8 ± 3.5 | <1.00 * |
| Copper | 15.1 ± 5.5 | 8.64 ± 2.98 | 14.2 ± 3.8 | 5.76 ± 3.15 | 13.8 ± 2.6 | <1.00 # |
| Iron | 11.3 ± 3.1 | 4.48 ± 1.52 # | 9.36 ± 1.77 | 2.88 ± 1.90 # | 8.74 ± 1.34 | 1.57 ± 2.54 # |
| Magnesium | 37.1 ± 10.4 | 32.9 ± 5.3 | 33.6 ± 6.7 | 34.9 ± 8.6 | 35.8 ± 4.4 | 23.8 ± 22.6 |
| Phosphorus | <1.00 | <1.00 | <1.00 | <1.00 | <1.00 | <1.00 |
| Selenium | <1.00 | <1.00 | <1.00 | <1.00 | <1.00 | <1.00 |
| Zinc | 58.0 ± 9.7 | 6.35 ± 7.40 * | 42.4 ± 7.6 | 1.53 ± 9.19 * | 35.0 ± 4.8 | <1.00 * |
| Vitamin A (RAE) | 57.1 ± 5.0 | 43.6 ± 8.0 | 55.2 ± 4.7 | 40.3 ± 10.4 | 51.4 ± 4.6 | 39.8 ± 14.3 |
| Thiamin | 16.5 ± 6.2 | <1.00 # | 14.5 ± 3.9 | <1.00 * | 9.34 ± 4.64 | <1.00 # |
| Riboflavin | 11.3 ± 4.8 | 2.29 ± 1.62 | 9.11 ± 2.64 | <1.00 * | 8.62 ± 2.06 | <1.00 * |
| Niacin | 3.13 ± 2.17 | <1.00 | 4.42 ± 2.06 | <1.00 # | 4.71 ± 1.60 | <1.00 * |
| Folate, DFE | 37.4 ± 7.9 | 25.0 ± 8.2 | 36.9 ± 5.7 | 8.32 ± 12.99 # | 37.4 ± 5.0 | 12.1 ± 10.3 # |
| Vitamin B6 | 27.3 ± 9.8 | 20.6 ± 5.2 | 24.5 ± 5.5 | 17.5 ± 7.5 | 27.2 ± 4.4 | 9.85 ± 11.51 |
| Vitamin B12 | 14.4 ± 5.4 | <1.00 * | 10.1 ± 3.5 | <1.00 * | 8.21 ± 3.61 | <1.00 # |
| Vitamin C | 55.0 ± 5.9 | 52.0 ± 5.5 | 51.4 ± 5.3 | 52.3 ± 6.4 | 49.9 ± 3.6 | 61.2 ± 12.3 |
| Vitamin D | 85.7 ± 6.2 | 98.7 ± 1.5 # | 89.2 ± 4.9 | 99.3 ± 2.1 | 92.9 ± 3.7 | 98.8 ± 2.6 |
| Vitamin E (ATE) | 82.9 ± 4.6 | 80.9 ± 6.2 | 84.6 ± 3.9 | 78.5 ± 8.6 | 80.4 ± 5.2 | 86.2 ± 5.9 |
| % above Adequate Intake (AI) | ||||||
| Potassium | 26.6 ± 5.6 | 40.9 ± 6.4 | 35.5 ± 5.2 | 34.0 ± 7.2 | 34.9 ± 3.8 | 38.6 ± 27.4 |
| Sodium | >99.9 | >99.9 | 99.4 ± 0.6 | >99.9 | 99.6 ± 0.4 | >99.9 |
| Choline | 6.21 ± 2.16 | 1.73 ± 1.98 | 5.58 ± 1.60 | <1.00 # | 3.56 ± 1.48 | 1.32 ± 3.27 |
Consumer status based on two days 24-h dietary recall data from NHANES 2011–2018. Data is presented as Mean ± Standard Error. #, * represent significant differences from non-consumers at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively. ATE: alpha tocopherol equivalents; DFE: dietary folate equivalents; RAE: retinol activity equivalents.