Table 3.

Parameter estimates in the full CLPM applied to smoking status and alcohol use.

Parameter	Description	Estimate	SE	Wald’s T	p-Value
Regression paths
bx2x1	Smoking (Smk) at T1 → Smk at T2	0.805	0.022	36.262	0.0000
by2x1	Smk at T1 → Alcohol (Alc) at T2	0.062	0.027	2.284	0.0223
bx2y1	Alc at T1 → Smk at T2	0.018	0.011	1.661	0.0967
by2y1	Alc at T1 → Alc at T2	0.668	0.015	44.592	0.0000
(Co)variances
Vx1	Residual variance of Smk at T1	0.766	0.035	22.111	0.0000
Cx1y1	Covariance of residuals of Smk and Alc at T1	0.212	0.025	8.636	0.0000
Vy1	Residual variance of Alc at T1	1.707	0.041	41.985	0.0000
Vx2	Residual variance of Smk at T2	0.179	0.010	18.774	0.0000
Cx2y2	Covariance of residuals of Smk and Alc at T2	0.044	0.013	3.367	0.0008
Vy2	Residual variance of Alc at T2	0.820	0.025	33.453	0.0000
Covariates
b_smk_age	Age → Smk	0.007	0.001	7.969	0.0000
b_alc_age	Age → Alc	0.009	0.001	8.024	0.0000
b_smk_female	Female sex → Smk	−0.086	0.030	−2.897	0.0038
b_age_female	Female sex → Alc	−0.807	0.039	−20.716	0.0000
Intercepts
b0_smk1	Intercept of Smk at T1	−0.341	0.050	−6.819	0.0000
b0_alc1	Intercept of Alc at T1	3.814	0.062	61.430	0.0000
b0_smk2	Intercept of Smk at T2	−0.440	0.053	−8.350	0.0000
b0_alc2	Intercept of Alc at T1	3.576	0.066	54.242	0.0000

Note. Rows shown in bold indicate estimates of the causal paths between smoking status (latent liability scale of an ordinal variable with levels: never–former–current smoking) and alcohol use (drinks per week).