Table A2.
Parameter estimates in the full IV-CLPM model applied to smoking status and alcohol use.
| Parameter | Description | Estimate | SE | Wald’s T | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regression paths | |||||
| bx1 | PGS of Smoking (Smk) → Smk at T1 | 0.144 | 0.017 | 8.335 | 0.0000 |
| bx2 | PGS of Smk → Smk at T2 | 0.014 | 0.013 | 1.084 | 0.2783 |
| by1 | PGS of Alcohol (Alc) → Alc at T1 | 0.160 | 0.023 | 7.077 | 0.0000 |
| by2 | PGS of Alc → Alc at T2 | 0.036 | 0.019 | 1.910 | 0.0561 |
| by1x1 | Smk at T1 → Alc at T1 (Proximal) | 0.158 | 0.143 | 1.108 | 0.2680 |
| bx2x1 | Smk at T1 → Smk at T2 | 0.809 | 0.032 | 25.202 | 0.0000 |
| by2x1 | Smk at T1 → Alc at T2 (Distal) | 0.303 | 1.071 | 0.283 | 0.7774 |
| bx1y1 | Alc at T1 → Smk at T1 (Proximal) | 0.200 | 0.100 | 1.996 | 0.0459 |
| bx2y1 | Alc at T1 → Smk at T2 (Distal) | 0.083 | 0.233 | 0.358 | 0.7208 |
| by2y1 | Alc at T1 → Alc at T2 | 0.669 | 0.027 | 24.449 | 0.0000 |
| by2x2 | Smk at T2 → Alc at T2 (Proximal) | −0.298 | 1.326 | −0.225 | 0.8223 |
| bx2y2 | Alc at T2 → Smk at T2 (Proximal) | −0.100 | 0.349 | −0.285 | 0.7757 |
| (Co)variances | |||||
| Vpx | Variance of the PGS of Smk | 1.000 | 0.020 | 49.472 | 0.0000 |
| Cixiy | Covariance of the PGSs | 0.196 | 0.015 | 13.441 | 0.0000 |
| Vpy | Variance of the PGS of Alc | 1.000 | 0.020 | 49.472 | 0.0000 |
| Vx1 | Residual variance of Smk at T1 | 0.729 | 0.043 | 17.146 | 0.0000 |
| Cx1y1 | Covariance of residuals of Smk and Alc at T1 | −0.244 | 0.198 | −1.234 | 0.2174 |
| Vy1 | Residual variance of Alc at T1 | 1.633 | 0.046 | 35.566 | 0.0000 |
| Vx2 | Residual variance of Smk at T2 | 0.196 | 0.089 | 2.208 | 0.0272 |
| Cx2y2 | Covariance of residuals of Smk and Alc at T2 | 0.181 | 0.365 | 0.495 | 0.6205 |
| Vy2 | Residual variance of Alc at T2 | 0.861 | 0.260 | 3.312 | 0.0009 |
| Covariates | |||||
| b_smk_age | Age → Smk | 0.007 | 0.001 | 8.046 | 0.0000 |
| b_alc_age | Age → Alc | 0.009 | 0.001 | 8.018 | 0.0000 |
| b_smk_female | Female sex → Smk | −0.088 | 0.030 | −2.978 | 0.0029 |
| b_alc_female | Female sex → Alc | −0.812 | 0.039 | −21.034 | 0.0000 |
| Intercept | |||||
| b0_resSmkPRS | Intercept (mean) of the PGS of Smk | 0.000 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 1.0000 |
| b0_resAlcPRS | Intercept (mean) of the PGS of Alc | 0.000 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 1.0000 |
| b0_smk1 | Intercept of Smk at T1 | −0.346 | 0.049 | −7.007 | 0.0000 |
| b0_alc1 | Intercept of Alc at T1 | 3.819 | 0.062 | 61.955 | 0.0000 |
| b0_smk2 | Intercept of Smk at T2 | −0.444 | 0.052 | −8.511 | 0.0000 |
| b0_alc2 | Intercept of Alc at T1 | 3.579 | 0.065 | 54.707 | 0.0000 |
Note. Rows shown in bold indicate estimates of the causal paths between smoking status (latent liability scale of an ordinal variable with levels: never–former–current smoking) and alcohol use (drinks per week).