Table 7.
Effect Size (Cohen’s d) for ANOVA Contrast in Diagnostic Grouping of Later Gesture
| Pairwise Comparison for Diagnosis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Later Gestures | EMM | SE | p | Cohen’s d | Cohen’s d 95% CI |
SE | df |
| 12 Months | |||||||
| *** LL-Neg vs. HL-Neg | 3.33 | 0.83 | < .001 | 0.52 | [0.26, 0.78] | 0.13 | 331 |
| *** LL-Neg vs. HL-ASD | 5.70 | 1.14 | < .001 | 0.89 | [0.53, 1.25] | 0.18 | 331 |
| HL-Neg vs. HL-ASD | 2.36 | 1.02 | .055 | 0.37 | [0.05, 0.69] | 0.16 | 331 |
| 18 Months | |||||||
| LL-Neg vs. HL-Neg | 2.76 | 1.38 | .115 | 0.39 | [0.00, 0.77] | 0.20 | 130 |
| *** LL-Neg vs. HL-ASD | 8.63 | 1.92 | < .001 | 1.21 | [0.67, 1.77] | 0.28 | 130 |
| ** HL-Neg vs. HL-ASD | 5.87 | 1.80 | .004 | 0.82 | [0.31, 1.33] | 0.26 | 130 |
| 24 Months | |||||||
| *** LL-Neg vs. HL-Neg | 3.32 | 0.87 | < .001 | 0.51 | [0.25, 0.78] | 0.14 | 318 |
| *** LL-Neg vs. HL-ASD | 11.78 | 1.15 | < .001 | 1.81 | [1.44, 2.19] | 0.19 | 318 |
| *** HL-Neg vs. HL-ASD | 8.46 | 1.04 | < .001 | 1.30 | [0.97, 1.63] | 0.17 | 318 |
Notes. * p < .05, ** p < .01, ***p < .001. HL-ASD, high likelihood for autism infants who were diagnosed with ASD at 24 months of age; HL-Neg, high likelihood for autism infants who were not diagnosed with ASD at 24 months of age; LL-Neg, low likelihood for autism infants who were not diagnosed with ASD at 24 months of age. SD indicates standard deviation. Post-hoc comparison indication is based on Tukey adjusted p-value of p <.05; EMS indicates estimated marginal means; SE indicates standard error; df indicates degrees of freedom; CI indicates confidence interval; Cohen’s d effect size index: 0.2 represents a small effect, 0.5 represents a medium effect, 0.8 represents a large effect.