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. 2024 Mar 15;25(4):1752–1772. doi: 10.1038/s44319-024-00097-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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(A) Hematoxylin and erythrosine staining with representative images and quantification analyzing labyrinth zone size in control (n = 17) and STZ (n = 30) placenta. Scale bar: 800 μm. (B) Principal component analysis (PCA) plot of control (n = 8) and STZ (n = 14) placenta RNAseq, symbols depicting which placentas belong to the same maternal mouse. (C) Volcano plot depicting results of differential expression analysis between control (n = 8) and STZ (n = 14) placentas. (D) Violin plots depicting individual gene expression of genes highlighted in (C)) in control (n = 8) and STZ (n = 14) placentas. (E) Enrichment plots of the hallmark Angiogenesis and Hypoxia gene sets generated by GSEA comparing control (n = 8) and STZ (n = 14) placentas. STZ, Streptozotocin; PCA, principal component analysis; GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis. Data information: Data depicted is biological replicates. For panel (A), data is depicted as mean ± SEM and was analyzed using Student’s t-test. For panel (C), data was analyzed using Wald test in DESeq2. For boxplots in panel (D), the lower and upper hinges of the box depict the 1st and 3rd quartiles, and the middle line depicts the median. The upper and lower whiskers extend to the largest or smallest value no further than 1.5 times the interquartile range (1.5*IQR) from the hinge. Data beyond the end of the whiskers are plotted as a larger dot, which are then the minimum and/or maximum values depicted. If no large dots are present, the whiskers extend to the minimum and/or maximum values. *P < 0.05. Source data are available online for this figure.