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. 2024 Apr 12;14:8553. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58837-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A model for the integration of Notch-signalling with long-range signalling gradients in Hydra. (A) Different simulated virtual time steps and phenotypes during bud-outgrowth when assuming a simple coupling between canonical Wnt- and Notch-signalling. The left-hand side shows the undisturbed system, while the right-hand side shows the impact of inhibiting Notch or overexpressing β-catenin, see also Supplementary Videos VA for undisturbed budding and VB for Notch-inhibition or β-catenin overexpression. (B) Suggested apical-basal gradient displaying pink and basal–apical gradient with blue in different parts of Hydra, including the body column, tentacles and buds. Gradients are supported by published in situ hybridization data, Hobmayer 2000, Fig. 2B and Reinhardt 2004, Figs. 2A and 3D and summarised by Meinhardt 2012. Suggested positions of Notch-signalling (N) are indicated in green based on research by Münder 2010 and Münder 2013.