Table 1.

Characteristics of all 415 articles in PubMed using ‘digital biomarker’ in title or abstract

	All articles (n=415)	Articles with a definition of digital biomarker (n=128)
	n (%)	n (%)
Publication year: median, range	2020, 2014–2023	2021, 2015–2023
Type of articles
Primary research	283 (68.2)	59 (46.1)
Development of a digital biomarker*	–	53 (41.4)
Medical context
Neurology	–	25 (19.5)
Cardiology	–	3 (2.3)
Endocrinology	–	3 (2.3)
Geriatrics	–	3 (2.3)
Psychiatry	–	3 (2.3)
Sleep medicine	–	3 (2.3)
Infectiology	–	2 (1.6)
Oncology	–	2 (1.6)
Psychology	–	2 (1.6)
Rheumatology	–	2 (1.6)
Addiction medicine	–	1 (0.8)
Not specified	–	7 (5.5)
Disease specific
Dementia/MCI/CI	–	16 (12.5)
Parkinson’s disease	–	5 (3.9)
Diabetes	–	3 (2.3)
Alcohol use disorder	–	2 (1.6)
Arthritis		2 (1.6)
COVID-19	–	2 (1.6)
Multiple sclerosis	–	2 (1.6)
Not specified	–	14 (10.9)
Others*	–	8 (6.2)
Validation of a digital biomarker†	–	35 (27.3)
Reviews	87 (21.0)	50 (39.1)
Editorials, opinions, perspectives, etc	45 (10.8)	19 (14.8)
Journals
Digital Biomarkers	35 (8.4)	15 (11.7)
Journal of Medical Internet Research	21 (5.1)	5 (3.9)
npj Digital Medicine	19 (4.6)	8 (6.3)
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)	18 (4.3)	2 (1.6)
Frontiers in Digital Health	16 (3.8)	9 (7.0)
JMIR mHealth and uHealth	14 (3.4)	7 (5.5)
Scientific Reports	12 (2.9)	–
Frontiers in Psychiatry	10 (2.4)	6 (4.7)
Other	270 (65.0)†	76 (59.4)‡
Affiliated country of corresponding authors§
USA	–	69 (53.9)
Switzerland	–	22 (17.2)
Germany	–	16 (12.5)
UK	–	16 (12.6)
Canada	–	11 (8.6)
France	–	10 (7.8)
Other	–	90 (70.3)

All extracted data are provided in online supplemental S2.

*Fewer than 2 articles.

†Fewer than 10 articles.

‡Fewer than 5 articles.

§More than 1 category possible.

.MCI, mild cognitive impairment.