Table 3.
Medication and utilization of healthcare
| Outcomes | Treatment group |
χ2(df), P-value group** |
Between-group difference in proportion of decreased medication/healthcare usage*** | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BA | CT | MM | ||||||
| N (%) | Proportion (95% CI) | N (%) | Proportion (95% CI) | N (%) | Proportion (95% CI) | |||
| Change in average daily morphine milligram equivalent (MME) in past week | ||||||||
| From pre- to post-treatment | ||||||||
| No prescription at pre- or post | 58 (65.2) | .65 (.55, .75) | 58 (68.2) | .68 (.58, .78) | 61 (70.1) | .70 (.60, .79) |
χ2 (6) = 10.33 P = .11 |
BA–CT: .06 (− .04, .17) BA–MM: − .01 (− .13, .10) MM–CT: .08 (− .03, .18) |
| Increase in dose from pre- to post | 6 (6.7) | .07 (.02, .13) | 9 (10.6) | .11 (.05, .18) | 10 (11.5) | .12 (.06, .19) | ||
| Decrease in dose from pre- to post | 12 (13.5) | .14 (.08, .22) | 6 (7.1) | .07 (.03, .15) | 13 (14.9) | .15 (.09, .24) | ||
| No change in dose from pre- to post | 13 (14.6) | .15 (.08, .22) | 12 (14.1) | .15 (.07, .22) | 3 (3.4) | .04 (.01, .08) | ||
| From pre- to 3 months | ||||||||
| No prescription at pre- or 3 months | 49 (62.0) | .62 (.51, .72) | 53 (65.4) | .65 (.55, .75) | 53 (67.9) | .68 (.57, .78) |
χ2 (6) = 4.55 P = .60 |
BA–CT: .08 (− .04, .20) BA–MM: .05 (− .08, .17) MM–CT: .03 (− .08, .14) |
| Increase in dose from pre- to 3 months | 9 (11.4) | .12 (.05, .19) | 13 (16.0) | .16 (.09, .25) | 12 (15.4) | .16 (.08, .23) | ||
| Decrease in dose from pre- to 3 months | 14 (17.7) | .18 (.11, .28) | 8 (9.9) | .10 (.05, .19) | 10 (12.8) | .13 (.07, .22) | ||
| No change in dose from pre- to 3 months | 7 (8.9) | .09 (.04, .16) | 7 (8.6) | .09 (.03, .15) | 3 (3.8) | .04 (.01, .09) | ||
| From pre- to 6 months | ||||||||
| No prescription at pre- or 6 months | 51 (63.7) | .64 (.53, .74) | 50 (64.1) | .64 (.53, .74) | 48 (66.7) | .66 (.56, .77) |
χ2 (6) = 6.33 P = .39 |
BA–CT: − .003 (− .11, .10) BA–MM: − .01 (− .13, .11) MM–CT: .01 (− .11, .13) |
| Increase in dose from pre- to 6 months | 10 (12.5) | .13 (.06, .20) | 11 (14.1) | .15 (.07, .22) | 13 (18.1) | .18 (.10, .27) | ||
| Decrease in dose from pre- to 6 months | 10 (12.5) | .12 (.07, .22) | 10 (12.8) | .13 (.07, .22) | 10 (13.9) | .14 (.08, .24) | ||
| No change in dose from pre- to 6 months | 9 (11.3) | .12 (.05, .19) | 7 (9.0) | .09 (.04,.16) | 1 (1.4) | .02 (.00, .05) | ||
| Change in number of healthcare visits in past month | ||||||||
| From pre- to post-treatment | ||||||||
| Decreased number from pre-treatment | 39 (45.3) | .45 (.35, .56) | 43 (50.0) | .50 (.40, .60) | 38 (43.2) | .43 (.33, .54) |
χ2 (4) = 2.65 P = .62 |
BA–CT: − .05 (− .21, .11) BA–MM: .02 (− .14, .18) MM–CT: − .07 (− .23, .09) |
| Same number as pre-treatment | 24 (27.9) | .28 (.19, .38) | 16 (18.6) | .19 (.11, .27) | 21 (23.9) | .24 (.16, .33) | ||
| Increased number from pre-treatment | 23 (26.7) | .27 (.18, .36) | 27 (31.4) | .32 (.22,.41) | 29 (33.0) | .33 (.24, .43) | ||
| From pre-treatment to 3 months | ||||||||
| Decreased number from pre-treatment | 35 (44.3) | .44 (.34, .55) | 28 (34.6) | .35 (.25, .45) | 30 (36.6) | .37 (.30, .47) |
χ2 (4) = 2.91 P = .57 |
BA–CT: .10 (− .07, .26) BA–MM: .08 (− .09, .24) MM–CT: .02 (− .14, .18) |
| Same number as pre-treatment | 21 (26.6) | .27 (.17, .37) | 20 (24.7) | .25 (.16, .34) | 20 (24.4) | .25 (.16, .34) | ||
| Increased number from pre-treatment | 23 (29.1) | .29 (.20, .39) | 33 (40.7) | .41 (.30, .51) | 32 (39.0) | .39 (.29, .50) | ||
| From pre-treatment to 6 months | ||||||||
| Decreased number from pre-treatment | 32 (41.0) | .41 (.31, .52) | 39 (47.0) | .47 (.37, .58) | 32 (42.7) | .43 (.32, .54) |
χ2 (4) = 1.66 P = .80 |
BA–CT: − .06 (− .23, .11) BA–MM: − .02 (− .19, .15) MM–CT: − .04 (− .21, .12) |
| Same number as pre-treatment | 17 (21.8) | .22 (.13, .31) | 19 (22.9) | .23 (.14, .32) | 14 (18.7) | .19 (.11, .28) | ||
| Increased number from pre-treatment | 29 (37.2) | .37 (.27, .48) | 25 (30.1) | .30 (.21, .40) | 29 (38.7) | .39 (.28, .50) | ||
*Proportion of individuals who decreased medication dose or healthcare utilization and 95% confidence interval as estimated by Jeffrey’s method (Bayesian approach)
**χ2 statistics (degrees of freedom) and P-value from Pearson chi-square test of homogeneity (equality of distributions among categories) comparing proportion of decrease in medication or decrease in healthcare usage
***Difference in proportion of decrease in medication or decrease in healthcare usage (first treatment minus second treatment) and 95% confidence interval