Figure 1.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) taking population, precision, and personalized approaches. DRIs for nutrients and other food substances (NOFS) are established independently to maintain adequacy or risk of excess at the population and individual level [Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)] and/or for Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR). Note that a CDRR can be lower than the RDA. The Adequate Intake (AI) does not have a consistent relationship like the EAR or the RDA and is therefore not presented in this figure; however, it is generally assumed that the AI value would be within the adequate and safe intake range (gray horizontal bar). The dashed curves indicate the level of risk (range between 0 and 1); dietary intakes that are within the range of the established RDA and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) are generally considered to be very low risk for most in a population group or at the individual level. Precision is introduced into the DRI process for essential nutrients when differences in requirements are identified currently within a subgroup on the basis of age, sex, or life stage (i.e., lactation and pregnancy), leading to separate recommendations for each subgroup group (RDA₁, RDA₂; EAR₁, EAR₂). DRIs set for chronic disease reduction for any given NOFS are expressed as ranges, unlike RDAs and EARs, which are discrete values. Precision is introduced into CDRRs (CDRR₁, CDRR₂, CDRR₃) through identification of a population subgroup that is likely to respond similarity to a dietary exposure and by setting the end point for different or co-occurring disease states. Requirements that fall outside an adequate and safe intake level are very likely to require a more personalized approach than frameworks established to date. Some of this figure and caption language was adapted from Reference 38; copyright 2000 National Academy of Sciences.