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. 2024 Apr 10;17:2173–2193. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S448819

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© 2024 Li et al.

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The composition of the intestinal mucosal immune barrier. The lineage originating from gut stem cells and gut-associated lymphoid tissues is primarily responsible for the intestinal immune responses; IECs express MHC, class II and PD-L1 in response to microorganisms and IFN-γ stimulation, thereby promoting the differentiation of CD4⁺CD8αα⁺ IELs; The secretion of IL-22 and IFN-γ by IECs in PP modulates the expression of RegIIIβ and RegIIIγ; Immune-related active substances play an important role in anti-bacterial resistance to pathogen invasion.