Table 1. Summary of Key Review Findings .

	Summary of Key Review Findings
Tobacco	Legal capacity was a key resource, often not available, to ensure effective adoption and implementation; in this regard FCTC was reported as an essential tool to catalyse and advance tobacco control, by providing a strong legal framework, political engagement and by accelerating conformity to international standards.
	National and regional coordination and collaboration can support countries in the policy process. Such collaboration should not include tobacco industry, as outlined in article 5.3 of FCTC. Involvement of all relevant ministries and organizations is essential.
Diet	Indicators, standards, and accountability mechanisms (including conflict of interest frameworks, guidelines on engagement, monitoring for self-regulations, and voluntary measures) are crucial for policy success. Strong government leadership, multisectoral and stakeholder engagement are necessary conditions for strengthening the performance of voluntary or non-statutory food reformulation initiatives.
	Knowledge on trade rules is required to implement policies on front of package labelling. Policies need to be implemented within the trade rules and need to demonstrate that policies are the least trade-restricting measure; multinational companies have a great influence because of their economic power, government lobbying and communication and marketing resources. Trade agreements might reduce the scope for governments to implement innovative measures (that have only limited evidence for their effectiveness).
	Limited local evidence and data, lack of research uptake of study findings, no data on food content, consumption, and labelling, perception of weak evidence for the link between diet (eg, SSBs, trans fatty acids, etc) and NCDs, lack of local evidence on interventions effect (eg, SSB) do not support politicians' commitments to agenda setting and policy development. A solid body of evidence is essential to assess the impact of various measures and recommended actions, including evidence on health diets definitions, health and risk distributions among populations, environmental and social values.
	Social acceptability of alcohol and culture around it do shape use and prevalence of social norms. In fact, public opposition and competing interests can interfere with policy processes. Consumers can oppose policy, especially on pricing and shortened licensing hours. Lack of coherence in messaging around policy and appropriate framing of the problem to create political, social, and moral understanding in line with public beliefs and attitudes can help the policy process. Media, as well as civil society play a role in supporting such effort. Community engagement and multisectoral collaboration enable not only better support and accountability.
Physical activity	Physical activity in many countries has received little political attention. In contexts plagued by ongoing conflicts and instability, emerging and recurring epidemics, making the case for physical activity becomes difficult. This requires strong political will and robust scientific evidence of its health benefits. In many LMICs there is still a lack of country and context specific research on physical activity and health, which could be another reason for lower interest of policy-makers to support the promotion of physical activity.
Health system	Multiple components need to be considered to reach effective implementation of clinical guidelines, including assessment of the national protocols and adaptation of WHO PEN protocols to the national context, collection of base line indicators, training of staff in pilot primary healthcare units, implementation of interventions and provision of technical support.
	The use of local data such as STEPS support prioritization of NCDs for public health intervention; NCDs investment case or any other baseline situation assessments can support policy decisions.
Generic	Technical support from global (eg, WHO) and regional organizations and collaborations has been proven to be a key facilitator for knowledge sharing for NCD policy development and primary care.
	A fragmented governance and the absence of a dedicated structure, with a designated body to oversee planning, guidance, monitoring and evaluation of implementation has been a barrier to effective implementation; involvement from multiple actors without adequate coordination by the MoH created silos and fragmentation in policy and program implementation. A strong governance system that facilitates multisectoral collaboration and partnership building is therefore a prerequisite for any NCD policy process.
	Change perception of problem and solution (eg, personal responsibility of risk factors) by using the media to increase public visibility of the issue. Increase the public support for the policy (eg, by organizing a media campaign).
	Define clear accountability frameworks to manage engagement with stakeholders (particularly with private sectors). Change decision-making processes to prevent some opponents from participating. Map the stakeholders: persuade opponents, seek common goals with supporters and expand their participation.

Abbreviations: FCTC, Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; NCD, non-communicable disease; WHO, World Health Organization; PEN, Package of essential noncommunicable; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage; LMICs, low- and middle-income countries; STEPS, STEPwise approach to surveillance; MoH, Ministry of Health.