Summary of simulation results of partially vaccinated populations, assuming an all-or-none vaccine. Average estimates and intervals extending from the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of estimates across simulations of (A) , (B) , and (C) for the fully observed all-or-none and leaky models, the ecological vaccine model, and the epidemic-endemic model. Red horizontal lines denote the true parameter values. A, B, C,