TABLE 1.

Various clinical studies supporting the therapeutic potential of fenugreek seeds.

Supplement	Study type	Subject	Treatment	Outcomes	Reference
Fenugreek seed powder	Double‐blind, randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT)	60 patients‐mechanically ventilated	3 mg twice daily for 5 days	Reduces gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, bloating, and heartburn	Zarghi et al. (2021)
Fenugreek seed extract	Randomized exploratory study	54 patients	500 mg/day for 12 weeks	Improves blood glucose metabolism	Pickering et al. (2022)
Gel from fenugreek seed	A double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial	60 patients with trichoptilosis	500 μg/mL for 2 months	Herbal gel from fenugreek seed reduces the incidence of hair loss and trichoptilosis	Hajizadeh et al. (2022)
Fenugreek seed extract (metformin and the hydroalcoholic)	Mice study	52 diabetics induced Wistar rats	50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg of the extract for 48 h	Reduces oxidative damage in brain and reduces memory loss resulting from diabetes	Bafadam et al. (2019)
Metformin‐fenugreek seed extract	Mice study	42 diabetics induced male rats	50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg of the extract for 6 weeks	Reduces oxidative stress, improves metabolism, and reduces apoptosis	Bafadam et al. (2021)
Fenugreek seed extract	Clinical trial	100 healthy males aged 45–80 years	600 mg/day for 12 weeks	No change observed in benign prostate hyperplasia	Rao and Grant (2020)
Fenugreek seed extract in capsule	A double‐blind, randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial	58 oligo‐anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women	1 capsule for 8 weeks	PCOS improved in women	Bashtian et al. (2013)