Fig 1.

a. Tissue chips are a promising tool for understanding the biological effects of spaceflight environments, including microgravity and radiation. Photograph credit (iss056e201352): NASA/Roscosmos. b. Astronaut Christina Koch operated kidney chips in the International Space Station (ISS). The reduced footprint and improved automated manipulation of liquids make tissue chips compelling. Reproduced with permission (Yeung et al., 2020). Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons. c. Overview of tissue chips for recapitulating multiple tissue-level physiological functions. Microchannels and in-chip microstructures are labeled in red and blue. Multiple tissues can be incorporated into one chip.