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. 2024 Mar 30;10(7):e28423. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28423

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© 2024 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

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Fig. 1 — Effects of dietary betaine on feed intake and associated gene expressions in hypothalamus of mandarin fish. (A) FI, feed intake; (B) mRNA levels of AMPK and mTOR in the hypothalamus; (C) transcriptional expression of autophagy genes in the hypothalamus; (D) transcriptional expression of appetite genes in the hypothalamus. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6). * indicates significant difference between groups (P < 0.05). AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; ulk1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; becn1: beclin 1; lc3b: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3b; atg4c: autophagy related 4c; npy: neuropeptide y; agrp2: agouti gene-related protein 2; pomca: pro-opiomelanocortin a; cart: cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript.