Table 1.

Diet formulation.

Ingredients (%)	Experimental diet
	NC	BET	HC	HC + BET
Fish meal	70	70	70	70
Corn starch	0	0	20	19
Fish oil	3	3	3	3
Vitamin mixa	2	2	2	2
Mineral mixb	2	2	2	2
Microcrystalline cellulose	20	19	0	0
Carboxymethylcellulose sodium	3	3	3	3
Betainec	0	1	0	1
Proximate composition
Moisture (%)	6.30	6.88	5.30	8.29
Crude protein (%)	45.08	45.98	45.48	45.69
Crude lipid (%)	8.02	7.84	8.10	8.05
Ash (%)	16.11	15.83	16.09	15.59
Energy (kJ/g)	15.66	15.60	18.96	18.78

^aVitamin mix: produced by Guangdong Nutriera Group, (Guangzhou, China): Inositol 100; niacinamide 50; vitamin A 10; vitamin B₁ 6; vitamin B₂ 5; vitamin B₆ 7.5; vitamin B₁₂ (1%) 4; vitamin D3 5; vitamin K3 10; vitamin E (50%) 200; biotin (2%) 2.5; calcium pantothenate 20; ascorbyl calcium phosphate (35%) 500; folic acid 5; corn protein powder 75.

^bMineral mix: produced by Guangdong Nutriera Group (Guangzhou, China): Zeolite 638; FeSO₄·H₂O 300; ZnSO₄·H₂O 200; CoCl₂·6H₂O (10% Co) 5; NaCl 100; MnSO₄·H₂O 100; Na₂SeO₃ (10% Se) 67; KIO₃ (10%) 80; CuSO₄·5H₂O 10.

^cBetaine: IB0150, Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd (Beijing, China).