Table 3.

Risk of bias.

Study	Sequence generation	Allocation concealment	Blinding of participants/personnel	Blinding of assessors	loss to follow-up/ITT analysis reported	Free of selective reporting	Free of other bias sources	Appraisal of quality	Comment
Backman et al.	Yes	Unclear	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	High risk	High and unclear RoB for one or more key domains
Bade et al.	Unclear	unclear	No	No	Unclear	yes	Unclear	High Risk	High and unclear RoB for one or more key domains
Baglia et al.	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear risk	High RoB in only 1 domain
Cantarero et al.	Yes	unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	High risk	High and unclear RoB for one or more key domains
Chatterjee et al.	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	High risk	Unclear and high RoB for one or more key domains
Cormie et al.	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	unclear	Unclear risk	High and unclear RoB in only 1 domain
Dimeo et al.	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	High risk	High RoB for one or more key domains
Fields et al.	Yes	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Yes	unclear	High risk	High RoB for one or more key domains
Galveo et al.	Yes	Unclear	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	High risk	High RoB for one or more key domains
Hayes et al.	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	unclear	Unclear risk	High and unclear RoB in only 1 domain each
Irwin et al.	Yes	Unclear	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	High risk	High and unclear RoB for one or more key domains
Knols et al.	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear risk	High RoB in only 1 domain
McNeely et al. 04	Yes	Unclear	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	High risk	High RoB for one or more key domains
Mijwel et al.	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	High risk	High RoB for one or more key domains
Nyrop et al.	Unclear	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	High risk	High RoB for one or more key domains
Park et al.	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	High risk	High and unclear RoB for more than key domain
Paulo et al.	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	High risk	High and unclear RoB for more than key domain
Rief et al.	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	High risk	High and unclear RoB for more than key domain
Rief et al. (a)	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	High risk	High and unclear RoB for more than key domain
Rief et al. (b)	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	High risk	High and unclear RoB for more than key domain
Schmidt et al.	Yes	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	High risk	High and unclear RoB for more than key domain
Van Waart et al.	Yes	Unclear	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	High risk	High and unclear RoB for more than key domain
Yeo et al.	Yes	Unclear	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	High risk	High and unclear RoB for more than key domain