TABLE 3.
General linear model results predicting cognitive skills and functional abilities in adults with DS prior to dementia, n = 260.
| β Estimate [95% CI] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mCRT a | VMI | Block Design | Vineland‐3 ABC | |
| Site (vs. site 1) | ||||
| Site 2 | 0.279 [−0.188, 0.746] | −1.603 [−3.236, 0.030] | −5.227 ** [−10.083, −0.370] | −11.568 ** [−19.033, −4.103] |
| Site 3 | 0.048 [−0.388, 0.485] | −0.604 [−2.131, 0.922] | −0.540 [−5.078, 3.999] | −12.463 ** [−19.439, −5.487] |
| Site 4 | 0.842 ** [0.438, 1.246] | −1.757 [−3.169, −0.344] | −7.332 ** [−11.533, −3.131] | −4.451 [−10.908, 2.007] |
| Site 5 | 0.793 [−0.506, 2.092] | −0.281 [−4.827, 4.265] | 3.357 [−10.162, 16.877] | 8.097 [−12.682, 28.876] |
| Site 6 | 0.132 [−0.271, 0.535] | −0.686 [−2.096, 0.723] | 0.119 [−4.073, 4.311] | 0.879 [−5.564, 7.322] |
| Site 7 | −0.003 [−0.365, 0.359] | 0.283 [−0.984, 1.549] | −1.466 [−5.233, 2.301] | −1.480 [−7.270, 4.310] |
| Age | 0.042 ** [0.027, 0.057] | −0.072 ** [−0.126, −0.019] | −0.147 [−0.307, 0.013] | −0.383 ** [−0.628, −0.137] |
| Lifetime ID level (vs. mild) | ||||
| Moderate | 0.405 ** [0.164, 0.647] | −1.732 ** [−2.576, −0.887] | −6.590 ** [−9.101, −4.078] | −16.127 ** [−19.987, −12.267] |
| Severe/profound | 1.081 ** [0.663, 1.498] | −4.280 ** [−5.741, −2.820] | −15.994 ** [−20.337, −11.650] | −28.125 ** [−34.802, −21.449] |
| Biological sex (vs. male) | −0.236 * [−0.465, −0.008] | −0.316 [−1.114, 0.482] | −1.760 [−4.134, 0.614] | 0.558 [−3.091, 4.207] |
| Plasma Aβ42/40 | 7.339 [−18.406, 33.085] | 57.615 [−32.458, 147.689] | 280.604 * [12.726, 548.482] | 122.718 [−289.009, 534.444] |
| Site (vs. site 1) | ||||
| Site 2 | 0.268 [−0.187, 0.724] | −1.567 [−3.212, 0.078] | −5.452 ** [−10.354, −0.549] | −12.400 ** [−20.115, −4.685] |
| Site 3 | 0.091 [−0.331, 0.513] | −0.743 [−2.267, 0.781] | −2.185 [−6.726, 2.356] | −13.148 ** [−20.294, −6.001] |
| Site 4 | 0.824 ** [0.430, 1.218] | −1.798 [−3.221, −0.375] | −7.643 ** [−11.883, −3.403] | −4.680 [−11.352, 1.992] |
| Site 5 | 0.996 [−0.276, 2.269] | −0.269 [−4.863, 4.325] | 3.731 [−9.961, 17.422] | 8.126 [−13.419, 29.670] |
| Site 6 | 0.151 [−0.254, 0.557] | ‐0.827 [−2.291, 0.637] | 0.223 [−4.140, 4.586] | 0.761 [−6.104, 7.627] |
| Site 7 | 0.027 [−0.327, 0.381] | 0.200 [−1.077, 1.477] | −1.803 [−5.609, 2.003] | −1.672 [−7.661, 4.317] |
| Age | 0.038 ** [0.023, 0.053] | −0.077 ** [−0.131, −0.024] | −0.136 [−0.296, 0.024] | −0.289 * [−0.541, −0.038] |
| Lifetime ID level (vs. mild) | ||||
| Moderate | 0.378 ** [0.141, 0.614] | −1.777 ** [−2.630, −0.923] | −6.507 ** [−9.051, −3.964] | −15.185 ** [−19.187, −11.183] |
| Severe/profound | 0.983 ** [0.572, 1.395] | −4.154 ** [−5.640, −2.668] | −15.491 ** [−19.919, −11.063] | −27.074 ** [−34.042, −20.107] |
| Biological sex (vs. male) | −0.284 * [−0.511, −0.058] | −0.247 [−1.065, 0.570] | −1.578 [−4.014, 0.858] | 0.596 [−3.238, 4.430] |
| Plasma total tau | 0.271 ** [0.125, 0.417] | −0.102 [−0.631, 0.427] | −0.559 [−2.135, 1.016] | −1.673 [−4.152, 0.806] |
| Site (vs. site 1) | ||||
| Site 2 | 0.263 [−0.201, 0.728] | −1.651 * [−3.276, −0.026] | −5.211 ** [−10.045, −0.377] | −13.454 ** [−21.231, −5.677] |
| Site 3 | −0.034 [−0.465, 0.397] | −0.562 [−2.070, 0.947] | −0.724 [−5.211, 3.764] | −13.377 ** [−20.597, −6.157] |
| Site 4 | 0.781 ** [0.377, 1.185] | −1.857 * [−3.269, −0.444] | −6.953 ** [−11.155, −2.751] | −5.702 [−12.463, 1.058] |
| Site 5 | 0.497 [−0.810, 1.805] | 0.072 [−4.501, 4.645] | 8.885 [−4.717, 22.487] | 7.738 [−14.146, 29.622] |
| Site 6 | 0.109 [−0.290, 0.508] | −0.730 [−2.127, 0.667] | 0.242 [−3.912, 4.397] | 0.244 [−6.440, 6.928] |
| Site 7 | −0.038 [−0.399, 0.322] | 0.320 [−0.941, 1.581] | −1.020 [−4.770, 2.731] | −2.162 [−8.196, 3.872] |
| Age | 0.031 ** [0.013, 0.049] | −0.065 * [−0.128, −0.001] | 0.023 [−0.165, 0.212] | −0.318 * [−0.622, −0.015] |
| Lifetime ID level (vs. mild) | ||||
| Moderate | 0.373 ** [0.135, 0.610] | −1.704 ** [−2.535, −0.874] | −6.332 ** [−8.802, −3.862] | −15.358 ** [−19.332, −11.383] |
| Severe/profound | 1.041 ** [0.629, 1.452] | −4.190 ** [−5.630, −2.750] | −14.967 ** [−19.250, −10.685] | −27.989 ** [−34.879, −21.099] |
| Biological sex (vs. male) | −0.238 * [−0.465, −0.011] | −0.259 [−1.053, 0.534] | −1.449 [−3.808, 0.911] | 0.411 [−3.385, 4.207] |
| Plasma NfL | 0.015 * [0.001, 0.028] | −0.012 [−0.060, 0.036] | −0.228 ** [−0.371, −0.086] | 0.047 [−0.182, 0.277] |
Abbreviations: ABC, Adaptive Behavior Composite; Aβ, amyloid beta; CI, confidence interval; DS, Down syndrome; ID, intellectual disability; mCRT, modified Cued Recall Test; NfL, neurofilament light chain.
*
P < 0.05.
**
P < 0.01.
a
Reversed natural log transformation, positive coefficient means an inverse relationship.