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. 2023 Sep 7;30(4):e14464. doi: 10.1111/cns.14464

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Ketamine and its metabolites produce anesthetic and antidepressant effects by acting on NMDARs. The inhibition of NMDARs by ketamine and its metabolites affects synaptic/extrasynaptic NMDAR‐mediated functions, which might disrupt the balance of excitation and inhibition, thereby generating antidepressant and anesthetic effects.