Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants
| TM-positive group (N = 76) |
TM-negative group (N = 59) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 135) |
Cancer (N = 41) |
No cancer (N = 35) |
p* | Cancer (N = 9) |
No cancer (N = 50) |
p** | p*** | |
| Age (years), med [IQR] | 74 [62.1–80.8] | 75.9 [69.4–81.6] | 70.6 [54.1–78.7] | 0.20 | 73 [62.5–76.2] | 73 [57.7–79.6] | 0.92 | 0.39 |
| Female, n (%) | 57 (42.5) | 21 (51.2) | 13 (37.1) | 0.43 | 2 (22.2) | 21 (42.0) | 0.40 | 0.62 |
| BMI (kg/m2), med [IQR] | 23.3 [20.1–27.0] | 23.3 [20.3–26.8] | 23.3 [20.1–27.0] | 1 | 23.9 [21.0-26.5] | 23.2 [20.1–27.0] | 1 | 1 |
| Weight loss (%), med [IQR] | 8.9 [6.8–15.0] | 9.4 [6.9–15.1] | 9.5 [6.5–17.8] | 0.86 | 9.3 [5.6–14.6] | 8.6 [6.9–14.7] | 0.43 | 0.75 |
| Time interval (weeks), med [IQR] | 8 [4–19] | 8 [4–12] | 11 [4–14] | NA | 4 [4–16] | 8 [–24] | NA | 0.64 |
| History of cancer, n/N (%) | ||||||||
| Personal | 19/135 (14.1) | 9/41 (21.9) | 4/35 (11.4) | 0.35 | 2/9 (22.2) | 4/50 (8.0) | NA | 0.35 |
| Family | 72/118 (61.0) | 19/35 (46.3) | 26/32 (45.7) | 0.63 | 4/8 (44.4) | 23/43 (46.0) | 1 | 1 |
| Exposure, n/N (%) | ||||||||
| Tobacco | 80/132 (60.6) | 22/39 (53.7) | 23/35 (65.7) | 0.23 | 6/9 (66.7) | 29/49 (58.0) | 0.96 | 1 |
| Alcohol | 33/118 (28.1) | 12/34 (29.3) | 8/33 (22.9) | 0.47 | 1/8 (11.1) | 12/43 (24.0) | NA | 0.94 |
| Suspicious clinical signs, n/N (%) | ||||||||
| Asthenia | 79/94 (84.0) | 25/28 (61.0) | 21/24 (60.0) | 1 | 4/8 (44.4) | 29/34 (58.0) | 0.14 | 0.32 |
| Fever | 32/129 (24.8) | 8/40 (19.5) | 9/34 (25.7) | 0.7 | 2/9 (22.2) | 13/46 (26.0) | NA | 0.73 |
| Anorexia | 58/86 (67.4) | 23/28 (56.1) | 15/21 (42.9) | 0.59 | 4/9 (44.4) | 16/28 (32.0) | 0.78 | 0.041 |
| Chronic pain | 38/132 (28.8) | 6/40 (14.6) | 10/34 (28.6) | 0.23 | 1/9 (11.1) | 21/49 (42.0) | NA | 0.09 |
| Sweat | 22/60 (36.7) | 4/18 (9.8) | 7/15 (20.0) | 0.26 | 3/5 (33.3) | 8/22 (16.0) | 0.64 | 0.75 |
| Lymph node | 25/132 (18.9) | 8/40 (19.5) | 5/34 (14.3) | 0.77 | 3/9 (33.3) | 9/49 (18.0) | 0.62 | 0.82 |
| Mass | 6/133 (4.5) | 5/41 (12.2) | 0/33 | NA | 1/9 (11.1) | 0/50 | NA | NA |
| Hepatomegaly | 22/128 (17.2) | 12/39 (29.3) | 5/34 (14.3) | 0.16 | 2/9 (22.2) | 3/46 (6.0) | NA | 0.045 |
| Bleeding | 7/129 (5.4) | 3/40 (7.3) | 1/33 (2.9) | NA | 0/9 | 3/47 (6.0) | NA | NA |
| Thrombosis | 7/135 (5.2) | 2/41 (4.9) | 1/35 (2.9) | NA | 0/9 | 4/50 (8.0) | NA | NA |
| Specific organ signs | ||||||||
| ENT | 8/135(6.0) | 2/41 (4.9) | 1/35 (2.9) | NA | 0/9 | 5/50 (10.0) | NA | NA |
| Digestive | 61/135 (53.0) | 25/41 (61.0) | 11/35 (31.4) | 0.01 | 5/9 (55.6) | 20/50 (40.0) | 0.84 | 0.69 |
| Pulmonary | 39/135 (28.9) | 11/41 (26.8) | 13/35 (37.1) | 0.47 | 5/9 (55.6) | 10/50 (20.0) | 0.42 | 0.55 |
| Cutaneous | 14/135 (10.4) | 4/41 (9.8) | 6/35 (17.1) | 0.55 | 2/9 (22.2) | 2/50 (4.0) | NA | NA |
| Neurologic | 22/135 (16.3) | 7/41 (17.1) | 8/35 (22.9) | 0.73 | 0/9 | 7/50 (14.0) | NA | 0.31 |
| Rheumatologic | 39/135 (28.9) | 4/41 (9.8) | 16/35 (45.7) | 0.001 | 0/9 | 19/50 (38.0) | NA | 0.58 |
| Laboratory test results, n/N (%) | ||||||||
| Hypercalcemia | 10/135 (7.4) | 5/41 (12.2) | 0/35 | NA | 1/9 (11.1) | 3/49 (6.1) | NA | 0.89 |
| Hyponatremia | 27/135 (20.0) | 10/41 (24.4) | 4/35 (11.4) | 0.23 | 2/9 (22.2) | 11/48 (22.4) | NA | 0.69 |
| Renal insufficiency | 30/135 (22.2) | 12/41 (29.3) | 10/35 (28.6) | 1 | 2/9 (22.2) | 6/48 (12.3) | NA | 0.052 |
| Liver function abnormalities | 49/135 (36.3) | 18/40 (43.9) | 14/35 (40.0) | 0.84 | 4/9 (44.4) | 13/49 (26.5) | 0.52 | 0.15 |
Legends BMI: body mass index
ENT: ear, nose and throat
Med: median, NA: not applicable
IQR: interquartile range
SPE: serum protein electrophoresis
TM: tumor marker
* TM-positive patients with cancer vs. TM-positive patients without cancer
** TM-negative patients with cancer vs. TM-negative patients without cancer
*** TM-positive patients vs. TM-negative patients