Table 1.

Subject characteristics. Variables are means (SD), or n (percentage) as appropriate

	Pioglitazone (n = 6)	Placebo (n = 8)	Total (n = 14a)	p valueb
Demographics
Age	49.7 (6.6)	43.3 (6.0)	46.0 (6.8)	0.08
Male	6 (100%)	7 (87.5%)	13 (92.9%)	0.37
Black/African Americanc	5 (83.3%)	4 (50.0%)	9 (64.3%)	0.40
Education (years)	13.3 (2.4)	12.5 (4.0)	12.9 (3.3)	0.66
Smoker	5 (83.3%)	5 (62.5%)	10 (71.4%)	0.39
Fagerstrom Score	3.2 (3.1)	3.0 (1.7)	3.1 (2.4)	0.90
Family history densityd	0.2 (0.1)	0.1 (0.1)	0.1 (0.1)	0.27
Alcohol-related measures
Avg. drinks/drinking day	10.4 (4.3)	14.3 (4.0)	12.6 (4.4)	0.11
Heavy drinking days	67.5 (27.3)	76.4 (15.0)	72.6 (20.7)	0.45
ADSe score	19.2 (9.0)	12.9 (6.4)	15.6 (8.0)	0.15
PACSf craving	16.3 (8.6)	7.3 (3.5)	11.1 (7.5)	0.05
Psychological characteristics
Current anxiety disorder	1 (16.7%)	2 (25.0%)	3 (21.4%)	0.71
Current mood disorder	0 (0.0%)	1 (12.5%)	1 (7.1%)	0.37
Current substance use disorderg	1 (16.7%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (7.1%)	0.23
CTQh total score	41.5 (20.4)	41.6 (9.2)	41.6 (14.3)	0.98
Neuroticism score	53.3 (7.2)	54 (6.8)	53.7 (6.7)	0.86
CPRSi anxiety	12.5 (7.9)	9.9 (6.6)	11 (7.0)	0.51
CPRS depression	13.7 (8.3)	13.1 (7.2)	13.4 (7.4)	0.90

^aOf the 14 subjects, 13 completed the entire protocol while 1 subject completed the scripts challenge but not the LPS challenge

^bBased on a chi-square test for categorical measures, and a t test for continuous measures

^cThe remaining subjects were White/Caucasian (4) and Asian (1)

^dCalculated as the proportion of first- and second-degree relatives known to have been treated for alcohol abuse or have alcohol use–related problems, as measured by the Family Tree Questionnaire (FTQ)

^eAlcohol Dependence Scale

^fPenn Alcohol Craving Scale

^gSubstances other than alcohol

^hChildhood Trauma Questionnaire

ⁱComprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale