. 2023 Oct 27;20(1):2275006. doi: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2275006

Table 2.

Substrate metabolism, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) responses throughout 1 h of cycling exercise at 60% of peak power output.

	Time of exercise (min)
	15	30	45	60	Two-way ANOVA repeated measures main effect
Fat oxidation (g/min)
0 g 20 g 40 g	0.09 ± 0.10 0.17 ± 0.17 0.20 ± 0.16	0.21 ± 0.10^a 0.21 ± 0.14 0.26 ± 0.18	0.30 ± 0.14^a 0.28 ± 0.13^a 0.32 ± 0.19^a	0.30 ± 0.15^a 0.31 ± 0.16^a 0.35 ± 0.19^a	Time: p < 0.001 Dose: p = 0.19 Interaction: p = 0.44
Carbohydrate oxidation (g/min)
0 g 20 g 40 g	3.06 ± 0.71 2.86 ± 0.80 2.87 ± 0.74	2.71 ± 0.73^a 2.80 ± 0.80 2.75 ± 0.82	2.55 ± 1.18^a 2.37 ± 0.82^a 2.45 ± 0.89^a	2.61 ± 1.25^a 2.33 ± 0.76^a 2.41 ± 0.82^a	Time: p < 0.000 Dose: p = 0.63 Interaction: p = 0.26
Respiratory exchange ratio
0 g 20 g 40 g	0.98 ± 0.03 0.97 ± 0.04 0.96 ± 0.03	0.95 ± 0.02^a 0.95 ± 0.03 0.94 ± 0.03	0.93 ± 0.04^a 0.93 ± 0.03^a 0.92 ± 0.04^a	0.93 ± 0.04^a 0.92 ± 0.03^a 0.92 ± 0.03^a	Time: p < 0.001 Dose: p = 0.078 Interaction: p = 0.52
Heart rate (b/min)
0 g 20 g 40 g	156 ± 12 156 ± 13 158 ± 14	160 ± 11 160 ± 12 161 ± 12	159 ± 12 158 ± 13 158 ± 13	158 ± 11 161 ± 13 160 ± 12	Time: p = 0.07 Dose: p = 0.53 Interaction: p = 0.69
RPE (AU)
0 g 20 g 40 g	13 ± 1 13 ± 2 13 ± 1	14 ± 1^a 14 ± 1 14 ± 2^a	14 ± 2 14 ± 2^a 15 ± 2^a	15 ± 2^a 15 ± 2 15 ± 2^a	Time: p = 0.001 Dose: p = 0.75 Interaction: p = 0.90

^aSignificantly different from t = 15 minutes (p < 0.05). Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.