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. 2024 Mar 21;16(4):723–754. doi: 10.1038/s44321-024-00057-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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(A) Groups of BALB/cJ mice were immunized and challenged as shown in the schematic. The survival curve shows the percentage of mice that did not show blood stage parasites by thin blood smear, up to 21 days after sporozoite challenge. All ten mice immunized with PyLARC2 were protected after challenge, while both the age matched naive and mock-immunized mice developed blood stage parasitemia 3 days after challenge. (B) Groups of BALB/cJ mice were immunized via the intra-muscular route and challenged as shown in the schematic. The survival curve shows the percentage of mice that did not show blood stage parasites by thin smear up to 21 days after sporozoite challenge. Seven of ten mice immunized with PyLARC2 were protected after challenge, while the three mice that were blood stage positive displayed a 2 to 6 days delay in time to onset of blood stage infection. Both the age matched naive mice and mock-immunized mice developed blood stage parasitemia 3 days after challenge. (C) To determine the durability of PyLARC2-engendered protection, groups of BALB/cJ mice were immunized as shown in the schematic and challenged 6 months after the last boost. The survival curve shows the percentage of mice that did not show blood stage parasites by thin smear, up to 21 days after sporozoite challenge. Nine of ten mice immunized with PyLARC2 were protected after challenge, while the one mouse that developed blood stage parasitemia displayed a four-day delay in time to onset of patency. Both the age matched naive and mock-immunized mice developed blood stage parasitemia three days after challenge. Source data are available online for this figure.