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. 2024 Apr 2;15:1369241. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1369241

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Copyright © 2024 Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Vascular development and cambial activity is regulated by endogenous programs and exogenous signals. (A) Vascular development in Arabidopsis stem, hypocotyl, and root organs. Young stem develops discrete vascular bundles comprised of phloem, xylem, and intervening pro-cambium. Developing stems form cambial cells at vascular and interfascicular regions. Secondary growth produce secondary phloem and secondary xylem in mature stem, hypocotyl, and root. (B) Short-range peptide signals, TDIF-PXY-WOX4 and EPFL4/6-ERECTA modules, and hormonal signaling pathways regulate cambium cell proliferation and xylem cell differentiation. (C) Environmental factors regulate vascular development.