Table 3.
Association of GWG below and above the optimal range in the current study with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
| BMI group | Outcomes | Rate of outcome | Risk of outcome | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GWG below the optimal range | GWG within the optimal range | GWG above the optimal range | P-value | GWG below VS within the optimal range | GWG above VS within the optimal range | ||
| aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | ||||||
| Normal weight | Cesarean delivery | 21 (41.18) | 48 (48.98) | 33 (55.93) | 0.304 | 0.68 (0.33, 1.41) | 1.26 (0.62, 2.56) |
| Assisted vaginal delivery | 4 (7.84) | 5 (5.10) | 6 (10.17) | 0.448a | 1.42 (0.32, 6.24) | 1.45 (0.38, 5.62) | |
| Vaginal delivery | 26 (50.98) | 45 (45.92) | 20 (33.9) | 0.166 | 1.32 (0.64, 2.72) | 0.69 (0.33, 1.44) | |
| Gestational hypertension | 3 (5.88) | 8 (8.16) | 9 (15.25) | 0.200 | 0.55 (0.12, 2.51) | 1.64 (0.54, 4.97) | |
| Preeclampsia | 3 (5.88) | 8 (8.16) | 5 (8.47) | 0.892a | 0.31 (0.05 1.91) | 0.88 (0.25, 3.10) | |
| PROM | 14 (27.45) | 31 (31.63) | 12 (20.34) | 0.307 | 0.69 (0.31, 1.52) | 0.61 (0.27, 1.37) | |
| Preterm birth | 7 (13.73) | 8 (8.16) | 2 (3.39) | 0.146a | / | / | |
| Postpartum hemorrhage | 6 (14.29) | 14 (14.29) | 6 (10.17) | 0.739 | 0.76 (0.26, 2.27) | 0.57 (0.19, 1.70) | |
| Macrosomia | 1 (1.96) | 11 (11.22) | 14 (23.73) | 0.002b | 0.12 (0.01, 1.10) | 4.74 (1.48, 15.17)b | |
| Small for gestational age | 3 (5.88) | 2 (2.04) | 2 (3.39) | 0.417a | 3.55 (0.43, 29.01) | 2.05 (0.19, 22.13) | |
| Large for gestational age | 3 (5.88) | 15 (15.31) | 18 (30.51) | 0.002b | 0.25 (0.06, 1.00) | 4.30 (1.61, 11.48)b | |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 6 (11.76) | 16 (16.33) | 10 (16.95) | 0.708 | 0.71 (0.25, 2.07) | 0.74 (0.28, 1.96) | |
| Neonatal jaundice | 5 (7.10) | 7 (7.10) | 9 (15.30) | 0.262 | 1.33 (0.36, 5.02) | 2.35 (0.73, 7.57) | |
| NRDS | 6 (3.06) | 3 (3.06) | 7 (11.86) | 0.040ab | 1.86 (0.31, 11.17) | 7.18 (1.24, 41.61)b | |
| NICU admission | 11 (21.57) | 18 (18.37) | 16 (21.57) | 0.435 | 0.62 (0.21, 1.86) | 1.66 (0.69, 4.00) | |
| Overweight | Cesarean delivery | 33 (53.23) | 74 (57.81) | 51 (53.23) | 0.031b | 0.80 (0.42, 1.54) | 1.55 (0.77, 3.10) |
| Assisted vaginal delivery | 3 (4.84) | 10 (7.81) | 4 (5.80) | 0.804a | 0.50 (0.12, 2.14) | 0.74 (0.20, 2.78) | |
| Vaginal delivery | 26 (41.94) | 44 (34.38) | 14 (20.29) | 0.025b | 1.47 (0.76, 2.85) | 0.68 (0.32, 1.43) | |
| Gestational hypertension | 3 (4.84) | 14 (10.94) | 13 (18.84) | 0.042b | 0.32 (0.09, 1.22) | 2.73 (1.07, 6.98)b | |
| Preeclampsia | 8 (12.9) | 14 (10.94) | 10 (14.49) | 0.761 | 1.13 (0.42, 3.06) | 1.20 (0.46, 3.14) | |
| PROM | 17 (27.42) | 35 (27.34) | 13 (18.84) | 0.376 | 0.90 (0.45, 1.82) | 0.55 (0.25, 1.19) | |
| Preterm birth | 10 (16.13) | 15 (11.72) | 8 (11.59) | 0.656 | / | / | |
| Postpartum hemorrhage | 6 (9.68) | 27 (21.09) | 11 (15.94) | 0.140 | 0.41 (0.16, 1.09) | 0.51 (0.22, 1.22) | |
| Macrosomia | 10 (16.13) | 18 (14.06) | 16 (23.19) | 0.261 | 1.09 (0.44, 2.72) | 2.48 (1.03, 5.96)b | |
| Small for gestational age | 3 (4.84) | 4 (3.13) | 0 | 0.214 | 1.98 (0.37, 10.68) | / | |
| Large for gestational age | 11 (17.74) | 22 (17.19) | 20 (28.99) | 0.122 | 0.98 (0.41, 2.30) | 2.38 (1.06, 5.36)b | |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 7 (11.29) | 20 (15.63) | 11 (15.94) | 0.688 | 0.70 (0.27, 1.82) | 0.81 (0.33, 1.97) | |
| Neonatal jaundice | 10 (16.13) | 19 (14.84) | 13 (18.84) | 0.768 | 1.10 (0.46, 2.63) | 1.21 (0.52, 2.83) | |
| NRDS | 7 (11.29) | 11 (8.59) | 7 (10.14) | 0.829 | 0.97 (0.29, 3.33) | 0.736 (0.21, 2.62) | |
| NICU admission | 23 (37.10) | 39 (30.47) | 22 (31.88) | 0.654 | 1.12 (0.55, 2.28) | 0.88 (0.42, 1.86) | |
| Obese | Cesarean delivery | 23 (65.71) | 76 (62.81) | 49 (85.96) | 0.006b | 1.06 (0.45, 2.46) | 3.31 (1.40, 7.84)b |
| Assisted vaginal delivery | 2 (5.71) | 6 (4.96) | 1 (1.75) | 0.640a | 1.98 (0.30, 13.17) | 0.45 (0.05, 4.16) | |
| Vaginal delivery | 10 (28.57) | 39 (32.23) | 7 (12.28) | 0.018b | 0.85 (0.36, 2.03) | 0.33 (0.14, 0.82)b | |
| Gestational hypertension | 3 (8.57) | 11 (9.09) | 6 (10.53) | 0.939 | 0.99 (0.24, 4.05) | 1.41 (0.47, 4.29) | |
| Preeclampsia | 2 (5.71) | 14 (11.57) | 14 (24.56) | 0.020b | 0.50 (0.10, 2.56) | 4.12 (1.58, 10.75)b | |
| PROM | 7 (20.00) | 26 (21.49) | 12 (21.05) | 0.982 | 1.12 (0.42, 2.95) | 0.94 (0.42, 2.09) | |
| Preterm birth | 7 (20.00) | 19 (15.70) | 8 (14.04) | 0.745 | / | / | |
| Postpartum hemorrhage | 5 (14.29) | 18 (14.88) | 9 (15.79) | 0.979 | 0.78 (0.26, 2.39) | 1.10 (0.45, 2.71) | |
| Macrosomia | 3 (8.57) | 19 (15.70) | 19 (33.33) | 0.004b | 0.47 (0.12, 1.80) | 3.30 (1.45, 7.55)b | |
| Small for gestational age | 2 (5.71) | 2 (1.65) | 2 (3.51) | 0.251a | 3.71 (0.44, 31.08) | 2.23 (0.27, 18.45) | |
| Large for gestational age | 3 (8.57) | 26 (21.49) | 25 (43.86) | <0.001b | 0.32 (0.09, 1.17) | 3.27 (1.55, 6.89)b | |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 8 (22.86) | 19 (15.70) | 10 (17.54) | 0.616 | 1.83 (0.69, 4.86) | 0.97 (0.40, 2.33) | |
| Neonatal jaundice | 3 (8.57) | 18 (14.88) | 2 (3.51) | 0.067 | 0.54 (0.14, 2.07) | 0.22 (0.05, 1.02) | |
| NRDS | 5 (14.29) | 8 (6.61) | 6 (10.53) | 0.330 | 3.66 (0.88, 15.27) | 2.57 (0.65, 10.19) | |
| NICU admission | 12 (34.29) | 32 (26.45) | 20 (35.09) | 0.420 | 1.70 (0.67, 4.30) | 1.37 (0.64, 2.92) | |
Values are expressed as number (percentage). GWG, gestational weight gain; BMI, body mass index; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PROM, premature rupture of membranes; NRDS, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; aFisher exact test; bSignificant associations.