Table 3.

Different studies about omega-3 benefits in human health.

Disease type	Study	Results	Reference
Cardiovascular: stroke	Prospective cohort study Men: 43,671 Age: 40–79 years Duration: 12 years	Eating fish (n−3 PUFAs) once per month or more can reduce the risk of ischemic stroke in men	(90)
Cardiovascular: stroke	Prospective cohort study Women: 79,839 Age: 34–59 years Duration: 14 years	Eating fish (n−3 PUFAs) 2 or more times per week can reduce risk of thrombotic infarction in women	(91)
Cardiovascular and metabolic: all cancer, CVD, ischemic heart disease, ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, and diabetes	Prospective cohort study Men: 61,127 Age: 40–74 years Duration: 12 years	Reductions of risk of total, ischemic stroke, and diabetes were 16, 37, and 39%, respectively when fish consumption is high	(92)
	Prospective cohort study Women: 73,159 Age: 40–70 years Duration: 12 years
Obesity and overweight	Cross-sectional study People: 124 Average age: 49 Duration: not determined	There is an inverse correlation between n−3 PUFA and BMI, waist circumference, and hip circumference	(93)
Metabolic: type 2 diabetes	Prospective cohort study People: men (51,963) and women (64,193) Age: 40–74 (men), 40–70 (women) Duration: 12 years	There is an inverse relation between fish intake and type 2 diabetes in women. There is not a detrimental effect of fish intake in the population	(94)
Metabolic: prostate cancer	Prospective cohort study People: men (14,916) Age: 40–84 Duration: 13 years	n−3 PUFAs consumption can reduce the risk of prostate cancer	(95)
Cardiovascular, metabolic and obesity: body weight, cholesterol levels, inflammation	Study People: men (34) Age: 25–65 Duration: 4 weeks	n−3 PUFAs supplementation did not lead to a significant reduction in body weight and body fat of patients. n−3 PUFAs supplementation reduced triglycerides and insulin levels of patients. n−3 PUFAs supplementation reduced inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in the patients	(96)