Table 1.
General characteristics of included participants.
| LLM + BMI | P | LLM + BF% | P | LLM + WC | P | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | LLM | Obesity | LLM with obesity | Normal | LLM | Obesity | LLM with obesity | Normal | LLM | Obesity | LLM with obesity | ||||
| N = 15,313 | N = 1,289 | N = 6,968 | N = 1,682 | N = 13,721 | N = 409 | N = 8,560 | N = 2,562 | N = 11,500 | N = 782 | N = 10,781 | N = 2,189 | ||||
| Age (years) | 39.3(0.2) | 50.5(0.8) | 40.6(0.2) | 46.2(0.5) | <0.001 | 38.2(0.2) | 45.1(1.2) | 42.3(0.2) | 48.0(0.5) | <0.001 | 37.4(0.2) | 46.6(0.9) | 42.4(0.2) | 48.0(0.5) | <0.001 |
| Sex (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Male | 50.8(0.4) | 56.9(1.9) | 46.7(0.7) | 50.8(1.5) | 55.6(0.5) | 75.6(2.7) | 39.7(0.6) | 50.4(1.3) | 59.4(0.5) | 71.1(2.3) | 38.9(0.6) | 47.9(1.4) | |||
| Female | 49.2(0.4) | 43.1(1.9) | 53.3(0.7) | 49.2(1.5) | 44.4(0.5) | 24.4(2.7) | 60.3(0.6) | 49.6(1.3) | 40.6(0.5) | 28.9(2.3) | 61.1(0.6) | 52.1(1.4) | |||
| Ethnicity (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Black | 9.2(0.6) | 1.0(0.2) | 15.6(1.0) | 3.5(0.5) | 10.9(0.7) | 0.7(0.3) | 11.6(0.8) | 2.8(0.3) | 10.0(0.6) | 1.0(0.3) | 12.5(0.8) | 3.1(0.4) | |||
| White | 69.9(1.1) | 54.1(2.7) | 65.4(1.4) | 63.7(2.0) | 67.8(1.2) | 29.2(3.8) | 69.7(1.3) | 63.8(1.9) | 67.5(1.1) | 43.7(3.0) | 69.7(1.3) | 64.9(2.0) | |||
| Mexican | 7.4(0.5) | 20.3 (1.9) | 8.7(0.7) | 19.4(1.6) | 7.8(0.5) | 34.1(3.2) | 7.8(0.7) | 18.1(1.6) | 7.8(0.5) | 24.2(2.2) | 7.8(0.6) | 18.5(1.6) | |||
| Other | 13.4(0.7) | 24.6(2.2) | 10.4(0.7) | 13.5(1.2) | 13.4(0.7) | 35.9(3.4) | 11.0(0.8) | 15.3(1.2) | 14.7(0.8) | 31.2(2.6) | 10.1(0.7) | 13.6(1.2) | |||
| Education level (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 15.2(0.6) | 36.3(1.9) | 15.5(0.6) | 26.7(1.4) | 15.3(0.6) | 47.3(3.1) | 15.1(0.6) | 28.2(1.2) | 14.8(0.6) | 36.0(2.2) | 15.7(0.6) | 28.5(1.3) | |||
| High school graduates | 22.9(0.6) | 24.7(1.6) | 25.4(0.7) | 29.8(1.6) | 22.4(0.6) | 23.6(2.6) | 25.7(0.6) | 28.5(1.3) | 22.3(0.7) | 26.0(1.8) | 25.1(0.6) | 28.5(1.4) | |||
| Above high school | 62.0(1.0) | 38.9(2.0) | 59.1(0.8) | 43.6(1.9) | 62.3(1.0) | 29.1(2.8) | 59.2(0.9) | 43.4(1.5) | 62.9(1.0) | 38.1(2.1) | 59.2(0.8) | 43.0(1.6) | |||
| Marital status (%) | 0.340 | 0.003 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Separated | 36.3(0.7) | 34.8(1.7) | 34.9(0.9) | 34.0(1.8) | 37.0(0.8) | 34.5(2.9) | 34.0(0.8) | 34.3(1.4) | 37.9(0.8) | 33.0(2.3) | 33.7(0.7) | 34.7(1.6) | |||
| Married | 63.8(0.7) | 65.2(1.7) | 65.1(0.9) | 66.0(1.8) | 63.0(0.8) | 65.5(2.9) | 66.0(0.8) | 65.7(1.4) | 62.1(0.8) | 67.1(2.3) | 66.4(0.7) | 65.3(1.6) | |||
| PIR (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| <1.3 | 19.9(0.8) | 30.8(2.2) | 21.3(0.7) | 28.6(1.6) | 20.5(0.7) | 40.1(3.1) | 20.2(0.8) | 28.2(1.6) | 20.1(0.8) | 34.0(2.4) | 20.7(0.7) | 28.1(1.6) | |||
| 1.3–3.5 | 33.8(0.8) | 42.2(2.2) | 37.4(0.9) | 41.7(2.0) | 34.1(0.7) | 39.1(3.5) | 36.2(0.8) | 42.2(1.7) | 33.5(0.8) | 39.0(2.6) | 36.4(0.8) | 42.7(1.9) | |||
| ≥3.5 | 46.3(1.1) | 27.0(2.2) | 41.3(1.1) | 29.7(1.7) | 45.4(1.1) | 20.9(3.4) | 43.7(1.0) | 29.6(1.6) | 46.4(1.1) | 27.0(2.3) | 43.0(1.1) | 29.2(1.6) | |||
| Smoking status (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Never | 53.3(0.7) | 52.0(1.9) | 54.5(0.8) | 53.4(1.6) | 53.2(0.8) | 54.3(3.3) | 54.4(0.7) | 52.8(1.3) | 54.1(0.8) | 50.7(2.7) | 53.1(0.7) | 53.6(1.4) | |||
| Former | 21.3(0.5) | 29.5(1.7) | 23.8(0.7) | 28.3(1.3) | 19.9(0.5) | 27.3(2.8) | 25.5(0.7) | 28.9(1.1) | 19.6(0.6) | 28.3(2.3) | 24.7(0.6) | 28.8(1.2) | |||
| Current | 25.4(0.7) | 18.4(1.5) | 21.8(0.7) | 18.3(1.4) | 27.0(0.8) | 18.4(2.4) | 20.0(0.5) | 18.4(1.0) | 26.3(0.7) | 21.0(1.9) | 22.2(0.5) | 17.6(1.1) | |||
| Alcohol consumption (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| None | 9.9(0.6) | 21.4(1.6) | 11.3(0.8) | 14.7(1.2) | 9.0(0.6) | 16.5(2.0) | 12.4(0.8) | 17.1(0.9) | 9.0(0.7) | 17.5(1.8) | 11.8(0.7) | 16.9(1.1) | |||
| Mild | 35.6(0.8) | 30.6(1.9) | 32.2(0.9) | 29.6(1.7) | 35.0(0.7) | 32.8(3.2) | 33.9(0.9) | 29.6(1.5) | 36.8(0.8) | 31.8(2.6) | 32.2(0.8) | 29.5(1.5) | |||
| Moderate | 19.0(0.5) | 7.7(1.0) | 17.5(0.7) | 12.9(1.2) | 18.9(0.5) | 6.5(1.6) | 18.0(0.6) | 11.6(0.9) | 18.7(0.6) | 9.1(1.3) | 18.4(0.6) | 11.6(1.0) | |||
| Heavy | 24.3(0.6) | 17.0(1.4) | 23.7(0.8) | 20.2(1.6) | 26.8(0.7) | 22.8(2.5) | 19.9(0.7) | 18.7(1.2) | 25.9(0.7) | 21.2(1.8) | 22.3(0.6) | 18.5(1.3) | |||
| Former | 11.2(0.5) | 23.3(1.5) | 15.2(0.8) | 22.7(1.4) | 10.3(0.4) | 21.4(3.1) | 15.8(0.8) | 23.1(1.2) | 9.8(0.5) | 20.5(2.0) | 15.3(0.7) | 23.5(1.2) | |||
| Physical activity (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Never | 39.2(0.8) | 58.0(1.8) | 42.4(0.7) | 53.8(1.8) | 38.1(0.8) | 56.0(3.5) | 43.6(0.7) | 55.2(1.4) | 37.5(0.8) | 57.3(2.6) | 43.1(0.7) | 54.7(1.5) | |||
| Moderate | 26.3(0.5) | 26.2(1.6) | 28.2(0.7) | 26.2(1.7) | 25.1(0.6) | 20.5(2.7) | 29.8(0.6) | 26.9(1.2) | 24.4(0.6) | 21.3(2.2) | 29.5(0.6) | 27.6(1.3) | |||
| Vigorous | 34.5(0.7) | 15.9(1.4) | 29.4(0.7) | 20.0(1.6) | 36.9(0.8) | 23.5(2.9) | 26.6(0.7) | 17.9(1.3) | 38.1(0.8) | 21.5(2.0) | 27.4(0.6) | 17.7(1.4) | |||
| BUN (mg/dL) | 12.7(0.1) | 13.6(0.2) | 12.7(0.1) | 12.9(0.2) | 0.005 | 12.7(0.1) | 13.9(0.4) | 12.6(0.1) | 13.0(0.2) | 0.002 | 12.7(0.1) | 13.5(0.3) | 12.7(0.1) | 13.0(0.2) | 0.009 |
| Scr (mg/dL) | 0.9(0.0) | 0.8(0.0) | 0.9(0.0) | 0.8(0.0) | <0.001 | 0.9(0.0) | 0.8(0.0) | 0.8(0.0) | 0.8(0.0) | <0.001 | 0.9(0.0) | 0.8(0.0) | 0.8(0.0) | 0.8(0.0) | <0.001 |
| Protein intake (gm) | 87.1(0.6) | 73.5(1.8) | 87.5(0.7) | 77.8(1.5) | <0.001 | 90.0(0.6) | 84.3(2.8) | 82.4(0.7) | 75.4(1.3) | <0.001 | 89.9(0.6) | 79.1(1.9) | 84.1(0.6) | 75.6(1.4) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2319.6 (11.4) | 1836.9 (35.5) | 2303.8 (16.5) | 2056.6 (34.7) | <0.001 | 2396.2 (12.5) | 2038.7 (63.8) |
2175.2 (15.7) | 1977.9 (26.9) | <0.001 | 2393.6 (12.7) | 1956.3 (42.9) |
2224.2 (14.0) | 1992.4 (29.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 24.7(0.6) | 48.8(2.1) | 43.3(0.8) | 55.7(1.9) | <0.001 | 23.4(0.5) | 40.7(3.3) | 41.6(0.8) | 54.7(1.5) | <0.001 | 20.0(0.5) | 39.8(2.4) | 41.6(0.7) | 57.0(1.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 5.0(0.2) | 16.8(1.3) | 14.6(0.5) | 26.8(1.4) | <0.001 | 5.4(0.3) | 18.8(2.4) | 11.9(0.4) | 23.7(1.2) | <0.001 | 3.5(0.2) | 11.3(1.3) | 12.6(0.4) | 26.6(1.4) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 61.6(0.6) | 79.9(1.6) | 79.8(0.6) | 82.8(1.4) | <0.001 | 59.7(0.6) | 74.6(2.9) | 79.2(0.6) | 82.6(1.2) | <0.001 | 55.9(0.6) | 76.2(2.3) | 79.3(0.6) | 83.4(1.2) | <0.001 |
LLM, low lean mass; BMI, body mass index; BF%, body fat percentage; WC, waist circumference; PIR, poverty income ratio; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; SCr, serum creatinine.