Table 5:
Risk factors for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis at baseline*
| Weighted frequency of resistance† |
Weighted percentage for resistance (95% CI)† |
p value | Risk ratio (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green Light Committee approval | ||||
| Yes | 87 | 5·5 (3·6–7·4) | 0·0002 | 0·45 (0·29–0·69) |
| No | 126 | 12·3 (8·9–15·6) | .. | .. |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 96 | 5·7 (3·9–7·5) | 0·0002 | 0·46 (0·30–0·70) |
| Female | 118 | 12·5 (8·9–16·1) | .. | .. |
| History of imprisonment | ||||
| Yes | 20 | 8·7 (2·7–14·6) | 0·57 | 1·24 (0·59–2·61) |
| No | 132 | 7·0 (5·1–8·9) | .. | .. |
| Unemployed | ||||
| Yes | 110 | 9·5 (6·6–12·4) | 0·10 | 1·48 (0·92–2·37) |
| No | 70 | 6·5 (4·1–8·8) | .. | .. |
| Current alcohol abuse | ||||
| Yes | 54 | 9·3 (4·8–13·7) | 0·35 | 1·30 (0·75–2·23) |
| No | 133 | 7·1 (5·3–9·0) | .. | .. |
| Current tobacco use | ||||
| Yes | 71 | 9·0 (5·5–12·5) | 0·47 | 1·19 (0·74–1·91) |
| No | 135 | 7·5 (5·6–9·5) | .. | .. |
| HIV infection | ||||
| Yes | 39 | 9·3 (4·7–13·9) | 0·61 | 0·87 (0·50–1·51) |
| No | 161 | 10·7 (8·0–13·4) | .. | .. |
| First time treated for MDR tuberculosis | ||||
| No | 38 | 23·0 (11·4–34·6) | <0·0001 | 3·66 (2·08–6·43) |
| Yes | 145 | 6·3 (4·7–7·9) | .. | .. |
| In hospital at enrolment | ||||
| Yes | 185 | 10·8 (8·2–13·3) | <0·0001 | 3·36 (2·03–5·57) |
| No | 29 | 3·2 (1·8–4·6) | .. | .. |
| Pulmonary radiographic abnormality | ||||
| Unilateral | 31 | 6·9 (3·3–10·6) | 0·47 | 0·81 (0·45–1·44) |
| Bilateral | 183 | 8·6 (6·6–10·6) | .. | .. |
| Cavitary disease | ||||
| Unilateral | 89 | 8·6 (5·7–11·4) | 0·26 | 1·36 (0·80–2·33) |
| Bilateral | 46 | 7·6 (4·0–11·3) | 0·55 | 1·22 (0·64–2·30) |
| No Cavity | 53 | 6·3 (3·7–8·9) | .. | .. |
| Sputum-smear test result at enrolment | ||||
| Positive | 173 | 7·8 (6·0–9·6) | 0·16 | 0·66 (0·37–1·18) |
| Negative | 39 | 11·8 (5·5–18·1) | .. | .. |
| Previous treatment with second-line injectable drugs | ||||
| Yes | 69 | 28·3 (18·3–38·4) | <0·0001 | 4·75 (3·05–7·42) |
| No | 129 | 6·0 (4·4–7·5) | .. | .. |
| Previous treatment with fluoroquinolones | ||||
| Yes | 82 | 23·7 (16·1–31·3) | <0·0001 | 4·21 (2·73–6·49) |
| No | 116 | 5·6 (4·0–7·2) | .. | .. |
| Previous treatment with another oral second-line drug | ||||
| Yes | 73 | 24·1 (15·7–32·4) | <0·0001 | 4·05 (2·60–6·31) |
| No | 125 | 5·9 (4·3–7·6) | .. | .. |
| Previous treatment with a third-line drug | ||||
| Yes | 16 | 32·2 (11·8–52·6) | <0·0001 | 4·18 (2·13–8·21) |
| No | 182 | 7·7 (5·9–9·5) | .. | .. |
MDR=multidrug-resistant. *Age, marital status, education, occupation risk, homelessness, contact with a tuberculosis or MDR tuberculosis patient, previous surgery for tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, and comorbidities were not significantly associated with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (p>0·1; data not shown). †Site-specific sampling weights were calculated as the total number of eligible cases during the enrolment period divided by the number of patients enrolled.