Table 2.
Inferential statistics exploring the differences between before and after the intervention in well-being and mental health symptomology.
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Participants, n | Before the intervention, mean (SD) | After the intervention, mean (SD) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Repeated measures t test (df) | P value | Cohen d | ||||||||
| Autonomy (BPNSa Questionnaire) | 26 | 4.38 (1.08) | 4.36 (1.02) | 0.02 (−0.40 to 0.46) | 0.13 (25) | .90 | 0.03 | ||||||||
| Competence (BPNS Questionnaire) | 25 | 3.70 (0.89) | 3.95 (1.01) | −0.25 (−0.64 to 0.15) | −1.30 (24) | .21 | −0.26 | ||||||||
| Relatedness (BPNS Questionnaire) | 26 | 4.44 (1.18) | 4.62 (1.01) | −0.18 (−0.54 to 0.17) | −1.05 (25) | .30 | −0.21 | ||||||||
| Depression (PHQ-9b) | 25 | 15.92 (7.57) | 13.44 (7.93) | 2.48 (0.82 to 4.14) | 3.08 (24) | .005 | 0.62 | ||||||||
| Loneliness (University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale) | 25 | 54.92 (10.54) | 50.38 (10.55) | 4.54 (0.75 to 8.32) | 2.47 (24) | .02 | 0.50 | ||||||||
| Psychological well-being (Flourishing Scale) | 24 | 33.62 (10.04) | 36.79 (9.63) | −3.17 (−6.51 to 0.16) | −1.97 (23) | .06 | −0.40 | ||||||||
| Social isolation (Friendship Scale) | 24 | 13.08 (5.71) | 9.83 (5.51) | 3.25 (1.19 to 5.30) | 3.28 (23) | .003 | 0.70 | ||||||||
| Social anxiety (SIASc) | 24 | 44.55 (14.43) | 39.07 (15.28) | 5.48 (2.34 to 8.62) | 3.61 (23) | .001 | 0.74 | ||||||||
| Stress (PSSd) | 24 | 25.33 (6.89) | 19.92 (6.43) | 5.42 (3.01 to 7.83) | 4.65 (23) | <.001 | 0.95 | ||||||||
| Psychological distress (K10e) | 24 | 33.24 (9.82) | 29.30 (9.31) | 3.94 (1.09 to 6.80) | 2.86 (23) | .009 | 0.58 | ||||||||
| Client working alliance | |||||||||||||||
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Goal (WAI-SRCf) | 24 | 9.63 (2.12) | 9.67 (1.61) | −0.04 (−1.11 to 1.03) | −0.08 (23) | .94 | −0.02 | |||||||
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Task (WAI-SRC) | 24 | 11.83 (1.17) | 11.83 (1.46) | 0.00 (−0.63 to 0.63) | 0.00 (23) | .99 | 0.00 | |||||||
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Bond (WAI-SRC) | 23 | 12.39 (2.73) | 12.78 (2.95) | −0.39 (−1.59 to 0.81) | −0.68 (22) | .51 | −0.14 | |||||||
| Therapist working alliance | |||||||||||||||
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Goal (WAI-SRTg) | 17 | 10.76 (2.08) | 11.88 (2.45) | −1.11 (−1.86 to −0.37) | −3.17 (16) | .006 | −0.77 | |||||||
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Task (WAI-SRT) | 17 | 10.00 (1.66) | 11.00 (2.09) | −1.00 (−1.93 to −0.07) | −2.29 (16) | .04 | −0.56 | |||||||
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Bond (WAI-SRT) | 17 | 16.65 (2.55) | 17.53 (2.03) | −0.88 (−1.58 to −0.18) | −2.67 (16) | .002 | −0.65 | |||||||
| Functioning (SOFASh) | 18 | 57.50 (14.63) | 64.28 (17.22) | −6.78 (−10.71 to −2.85) | −3.92 (17) | <.001 | −0.86 | ||||||||
aBPNS: Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction.
bPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire (9-item version).
cSIAS: Social Interaction Anxiety Scale.
dPSS: Perceived Stress Scale.
eK10: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (10-item version).
fWAI-SRC: Working Alliance Inventory–Short Revised (client version).
gWAI-SRT: Working Alliance Inventory–Short Revised (therapist version).
hSOFAS: Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (clinician rated).