Table 3. Characteristics of DBPs in Relation to Family, Category, Probable NOM, and Favorable Parameters/Scenariosa,b.
| family name; compound names | category | probable NOM | favorable parameters; scenarios |
|---|---|---|---|
| HAMs (HAcAms): (i) DBAcAm, (ii) DCAcAm, (iii) TCAcAm | aliphatic N-DBPs | DON such as amino acids, pyrroles, and pyrimidines | 1. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON); 2. acidic water (pH < 6) |
| HNMs: (i) TCNM, (ii) BNM | aliphatic N-DBPs | DON and mostly the hydrophilic components of NOM | 1. DON; 2. acidic water (pH < 6); 3. ozonation-chlorination, followed by chlorination, ozonation-chloramination, and chloramination. |
| HANs: (i) DCAN, (ii) DBAN, (iii) TCAN | aliphatic N-DBPs | DON such as phenol and resorcinol | 1. DON; 2. acidic water (pH < 6) |
| NNAs: (i) NNDMA | aliphatic N-DBPs | reaction of chlorine with organic matter (such as dimethylamine and nitrite) | 1. chloramination of compound precursors, particularly without a free chlorine predisinfection |
| THM: (i) CF, (ii) DBCM, (iii) BDCM, (iv) BF | aliphatic C-DBPs | dead plants or plant waste leaves, bush and tree clippings, animal manure | 1. higher water pH (pH > 8) and temperature; 2. dissolved organic carbon (DOC) |
| HAAs: (i) DCAA, (ii) TCAA, (iii) MCAA, (iv) MBAA, (v) DBAA | aliphatic C-DBPs | dead plants or plant waste leaves, bush and tree clippings, animal manure | 1. higher temperature; 2. DOC |
| HAL: (i) TBAL, (ii) CAL, (iii) DBAL, (iv) BCAL, (v) DBCAL, (vi) IAL, (vii) BAL, (viii) BDCAL, (ix) DCAL, (x) TCAL | aliphatic C-DBPs | organic carbon and acetaldehyde | 1. higher water pH (pH > 8) and temperature; 2. DOC |
| HBQ: (i) DCMBQ, (ii) TriCBQ | alicyclic DBPs | lignin-like and highly oxygen-containing components of NOM | 1. highly oxygen-containing compounds in the water |
| HFur: (i) TriCMHFur | alicyclic DBPs | NOM with higher aromaticity and heterocyclic structures such as humic substances, fulvic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | NA |
| HPANs: (i) CHPAN, (ii) DCHPAN | aromatic phenyl N-DBPs | NOM with higher aromaticity and more phenyl structures. NOM formed due to the decomposition of plant and animal matter | NA |
| HNPs: (i) DCHNP, (ii) BCHNP, (iii) DBHNP, (iv) DIHNP | aromatic phenyl N-DBPs | NOM with higher aromaticity and more phenyl structures. NOM formed due to the decomposition of plant and animal matter | NA |
| HPs: (i) 2CP, (ii) DCP, (iii) TCP, (iv) 2IP, (v) 4IP, (vi) IMP, (vii) DCBP, (viii) H3IP, (ix) DBCP, (x) TBP, (xi) TIP, (xii) HDIP | aromatic phenyl C-DBPs | NOM with higher aromaticity and more phenyl structures, such as chlorophenol; phenols, lignins, humic acids | NA |
| HBADs: (i) DCHBAD, (ii) BCHBAD, (iii) DBHBAD | aromatic phenyl C-DBPs | NOM with higher aromaticity and more phenyl structures, such as bromophenols; phenols, lignins, humic acids | NA |
| HBAC & SAC: (i) DCHBAC, (ii) DBHBAC, (iii) 3IHBAC, (iv) DIHBAC, (v) DCSAC, (vi) BCSAC, (vii) DBSAC | aromatic phenyl C-DBPs | NOM with higher aromaticity and more phenyl structures, such as bromophenols; phenols, lignins, humic acids | NA |
| HPyr: TBPyr | aromatic heterocyclic DBPs | NOM with higher aromaticity and heterocyclic structures such as humic substances; fulvic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | NA |
| bromate | oxyhalides | ozonating or chlorinating bromide-containing water | NA |
| chlorate, chlorite | oxyhalides | generated in hypochlorite solutions | NA |
b
NA—not available; DON—dissolved organic nitrogen; DOC—dissolved organic carbon; NOM—natural organic matter; HAMs or HAcAms—haloacetamides; DBAcAm—2,2-dibromoacetamide; DCAcAm—2,2-dichloroacetamide; TCAcAm—2,2,2-trichloroacetamide; HNMs—halonitromethanes; TCNM—trichloronitromethane; BNM—bromonitromethane; HANs—haloacetonitriles; DCAN—2-dichloroacetonitrile; DBAN—2,2-dibromoacetonitrile; TCAN—2,2,2-trichloroacetonitrile; NNAs—nnitrosamines; NNDMA—N-nitrosodimethylamine; For the remaining abbreviations, see the footnote of Table 4.