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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 16.
Published in final edited form as: Acad Emerg Med. 2021 Feb 2;28(6):666–674. doi: 10.1111/acem.14201

TABLE 2.

SDoH categories and outcome reporting

Access to care (44 articles)
Medical:

  • Lack of primary care provider/medical home/post-ED follow-up

  • Lack of insurance and/or healthcare coverage

Physical:

  • Transportation and/or rural access barriers

 Reported Outcomes (57)a
  • 42 (73.7%) Positive/effective
    • Operational metric (22)
    • Linkage to resources (11)
    • Feasibility/acceptability (4)
    • Health outcomes (3)
    • Provider knowledge (2)
  • 7 (12.3%) Equivocal or mixed
    • Operational metric (6)
    • Feasibility/acceptability (1)
  • 8 (14.0%) Ineffective or no change
    • Operational metric (4)
    • Health outcomes (3)
    • Feasibility/acceptability (1)
Discrimination/group disparities (10 articles)

  • Demographic groups disproportionately affected by negative health outcomes as determined by race, ethnicity, and/or sexual orientation and gender identity

 Reported outcomes (13)a
  • 13 (100%) Positive/effective
    • Feasibility/acceptability (4)
    • Operational metric (3)
    • Provider knowledge (3)
    • Health outcomes (2)
    • Linkage to resources (1)
Exposure to violence/crime (46 articles)

  • Interpersonal violence

  • Child abuse

  • Victims of violent assault (including firearms injury)

  • Human trafficking

 Reported outcomes (64)a
  • 49 (76.6%) Positive/effective
    • Feasibility/acceptability (14)
    • Provider knowledge (12)
    • Linkage to resources (10)
    • Health outcomes (8)
    • Case identification (4)
    • Operational metric (1)
  • 6 (9.4%) Equivocal or mixed
    • Health outcomes (5)
    • Case identification (1)
  • 9 (14.0%) Ineffective or no change
    • Case identification (4)
    • Health outcomes (3)
    • Linkage to resources (1)
    • Operational metric (1)
Food insecurity (2 articles)

  • Lack of access to healthy food/diet

 Reported outcomes (3)a
  • 3 (100%) Positive/effective:
    • Linkage to resources (2)
    • Feasibility/acceptability (1)
Housing insecurity/homelessness (4 articles)

  • Lack of sufficient domicile or shelter

 Reported outcomes results (6):
  • 5 (83.3%) Positive/effective
    • Operational metric (2)
    • Linkage to resources (2)
    • Health outcomes (1)
  • 1 (16.7%) Equivocal or mixed
    • Feasibility/acceptability
Language/literacy/healthcare literacy (16 articles)

  • Low primary literacy

  • Low healthcare literacy

  • Non–English-speaking populations

 Reported Outcomes (23)*:
  • 17 (73.9%) Positive/effective
    • Patient comprehension (10)
    • Feasibility/acceptability (4)
    • Operational metric (2)
    • Health outcomes (1)
  • 2 (8.7%) Equivocal or mixed
    • Patient comprehension (1)
    • Health outcomes (1)
  • 4 (17.4%) Ineffective or no change
    • Feasibility/acceptability (2)
    • Patient comprehension (1)
    • Linkage to resources (1)
Socioeconomic disparities/poverty (13 articles)

  • Impoverished

  • Lower socioeconomic status population

 Reported outcomes (19)a
  • 15 (79%) Positive/effective
    • Health outcomes (5)
    • Operational metric (5)
    • Linkage to resources (3)
    • Feasibility/acceptability (2)
  • 2 (10.5%) Equivocal or mixed
    • Health outcomes (2)
  • 2 (10.5%) Ineffective or no change
    • Health outcomes (1)
    • Operational metric (1)

Abbreviation: SDoH, social determinants of health.

a

Several articles reported more than one outcome.