Fig 4.

Microbiota of infants fed by secretor or non-secretor mothers or those consuming infant formula alter serum immunoglobulins. (A) Serum Immunoglobulin A (IgA), (B) Immunoglobulin M (IgM), and (C) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in mice transplanted with microbiota from infants consuming milk from secretor or non-secretor mothers or those consuming milk formula and those supplemented with HMOs. Group differences, the effect of microbiota, HMOs, and their interactions were determined using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test in GraphPad Prism Version 10.0.2 (www.graphpad.com). P-adjusted <0.05 was considered significant. Group differences are indicated by “*” system, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. The P-values for the effects of microbiota or HMO factor or their interactions are included when significant. SMM = mice transplanted with fecal material from infants consuming milk from secretor mothers, NSM = mice transplanted with fecal material from infants consuming milk from non-secretor mothers, MFM = mice transplanted with fecal material from infants consuming dairy-based formula, HMO− = without human milk oligosaccharides supplementation, HMO+ = with human milk oligosaccharides.